The Importance Of Journalism And Photography - 955 Words

Many events come and go before many citizens are aware of them. This is where journalism and photography come to play. Journalism and photography allow for current events in other parts of the world to be shown to the public for awareness. Some of these events such as the time during the Arab Spring, where revolutions and protests broke out across the Middle East and North Africa, allowed for citizens to get an idea of what is going on in that particular part of the country. A world without journalism cause much of the people to be in the shadow of the unknown. But journalism creates a chance for political impact. Journalism and photography will bring transparency and awareness to the public eye leading to protests and a need for change,†¦show more content†¦(Spayd)† The work of journalism and photography keeps an important role of collecting information and sharing it with others. The shared knowledge that photographers and journalists provide allows for the public to assemble and have a voice. The public whom are now informed through journalism and photography are often puzzled about the stories or photos, which causes protest events to develop. In the film â€Å"Bahrain: Shouting in the Dark† through the media we can see the repressed citizens of Bahrain wanting a change in their government. The citizens of Bahrain assembled together protesting for a new democratic government. With journalism reports from Al Jazeera, the world was now hearing their story. Countries around the world heard the cries of the Bahrain citizens wanting for a change. But with the protest, the Bahrain’s government was quick to suppress the pro-democratic activists. An NPR article â€Å"Bahrain: The Revolution That Wasn’t† Kelly McEver discussed, â€Å"Bahrain’s uprising was suppressed in a harsh crackdown. Thousands of people were rounded up, detained, and sometimes tortured†¦Several people died while in custody. (McEver)† Protests may lead to better outcomes, but in this instance the outcome lead to death of many Bahrain’s citizens. With the effects of journalism causing protest events to occur, there is always pressure on government officials to listen to the public. The Schuster Institute for InvestigativeShow MoreRelatedDorothea Lange And The Farm Security Agency Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment, the photography project spanned several government agencies, from the Resettlement Administration, the Farm Security Administration, and the Office of War Information. Although the photographic program of the Farm Security Administration was initially aimed at supporting the New Deal, the images produced had far more reaching sociological and cultural impacts, all the while redefining the art of photography. 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Effects Of Drought And Advancing Desertification Essay

Of Morocco’s 446,550 square kilometers, around 18% of the land is arable which is widely used for agriculture because of the fertile soil. The climate of Morocco is subtropical and moderate, despite interior parts of the country having harsh dessert climate with variable extremes in temperature. Natural resources in Morocco include phosphate, barite, cobalt, fluorspar and lead. Due to the country’s fertile land, agricultural products also play a key role in the economy. This includes tomatoes, mandarins/clementines/tangerines, oranges and olives. Morocco also exports consumer goods such as textiles and leather goods with reflects on an abundance of livestock such as cattle and sheep (for wool). (Economy Industry.†) Drought and advancing desertification is one impact of climate change which is often widely felt in Morocco along with other countries in Northwest Africa. This is especially damaging to the agricultural industry in Morocco. The most apparent changes stemming from climate change are increasing temperatures and reduced rainfall. Increasing population has put pressure on the slow growing agricultural industry which is having trouble meeting the demands of the county’s population. With about 3,400 kilometers of coastlines, Morocco is also vulnerable to sea level rise and most of it’s economic activity occurs near the coast. This shows that climate change is a real threat to agriculture, fishing, water supplies, tourism and the unique ecosystems of the country.Show MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Famine1354 Words   |  6 Pagesunfortunately those who need it do not have access to it. There are multiple reasons to cause famine, and in On the causes of Famine; drought, desertification, and market failure in the Sudan by Lennart Olsson, the author talks of the three main causes in Sudan, a large country on the east of Africa. Drought could be said to be the biggest cause, as it effects not only crop development. 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On the other, it perversely unleashed forces that would undermine Western world dominance and greatly constrict the forces advancing globalization, both of which can be seen as hallmarks of the opening decades of the twentieth century. This intermingling of the forces and processes that were arguably essential components 2 †¢ INTRODUCTION of two epochs we routinely

Beverage Management Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Food and Beverage Management. Answer: Quality management systems for production and service The food and beverage industry is booming and swiftly moving ahead. Newspapers regularly cover news of expansion plans for the latest theme restaurants or big takeover deals. There are also instances of restaurant and hotel reviews or articles related to home cooking. Television channels are showing multiple cookery programmes all day long. All these has led to the facing of progressively more knowledgeable and refined customers with wider tastes and experiences than ever before by the food and beverage managers. These kinds of customers look for satisfaction, but are very difficult to satisfy. The customers translate their stated and implied needs into a range of expectations regarding the service or products they are going to experience. Not meeting these customer expectations would imply a gap in the customer expectations and the apparent features of the service or product offered to them, with no quality being provided. Quality is important for the industry to uphold its reputati on, build the image, reduce liability, and improve profitability and productivity (Davis et al., 2013). In the food and beverage industry there is a difficulty in managing and ensuring quality because the products and services are mostly intangible, apart from the tangible ones that include physical products. Along with intangibility, there is the threat of variability, perishability and inseparability. Moreover, the industry regularly faces unpredictable demands and lack of the use of technology (Wang, Chen Chen, 2012). To provide the quality expected by the customers from the service and products, the food and beverage industry has a few Quality Assurance (QA) systems existing like ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation, HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points), and GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) standards. These systems and at times their combination are commended for food quality and safety assurance. The cost of maintaining the quality includes conformance and non-conformance costs, appraisal and external failure. The maintenance of product quality identified six dimensions to it: variety in menu items, healthier options, attractive presentation, correct temperature of food served, and fresh and tasty food. The two most significant contributors of customer satisfaction and intentions are the taste and presentation of food. Therefore, to maintain quality, there is a need for implementation of qualitystandardsforrawingredients in the purchase specifications, HACCP regulated receiving systems, proper condition of storing systems, maintenance of storage record, stock movement, price, PAR levels, quality,quantity,recordof delivery, conditionofpackaging, temperature. There is also the requirement of processing systems that take care of forecast volume, recipe standards, standard of quantitiesreceivedfrommajoringredients, size of meal portions and specification of utensils used (Llach et al., 2013). The element of service quality consists of customers and is intangible in nature. The SERVQAL method was developed to calculate the gaps existing between the customer expectations and the service offered. Other than SERVQAL, there is also DINSERVandLODGSERV. The determinants of service quality include tangibility, reliability, competency, approachability, responsiveness, courtesy, assurance, effective communication, empathy and security. The behaviour involving loyalty and repurchase depends on the customer orientation, relationship benefits, quality of food and communication (Gagi?, Teanovi? Jovi?i?, 2013). References Davis, B., Lockwood, A., Pantelidis, I., Alcott, P. (2013).Food and beverage management. Routledge. Gagi?, S., Teanovi?, D., Jovi?i?, A. (2013). The vital components of restaurant quality that affect guest satisfaction.Tourism,17(4), 166-176. Llach, J., Perramon, J., del Mar Alonso-Almeida, M., Bagur-Femenas, L. (2013). Joint impact of quality and environmental practices on firm performance in small service businesses: An empirical study of restaurants.Journal of Cleaner Production,44, 96-104. Wang, C. H., Chen, K. Y., Chen, S. C. (2012). Total quality management, market orientation and hotel performance: The moderating effects of external environmental factors.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(1), 119-129.

A Profile of Mahatma Gandhi an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

A Profile of Mahatma Gandhi In January 1948, before three pistol shots put an end to his life, Gandhi had been on the political stage for more than fifty years. He had inspired two generations of India, patriots, shaken an empire and sparked off a revolution, which was to change the face of Africa and Asia. To millions of his own people, he was the Mahatma- the great soul- whose sacred glimpse was a reward in itself. By the end of 1947 he had lived down much of the suspicion, ridicule and opposition, which he had to face, when he first raised the banner of revolt against racial exclusiveness and imperial domination. His ideas, once dismissed as quaint and utopian, had begun to strike answering chords in some of the finest minds in the world. "Generations to come, it may be", Einstein had said of Gandhi in July 1944, "will scarcely believe that such one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon earth." Need essay sample on "A Profile of Mahatma Gandhi" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Often Tell EssayLab writers: I'm not in the mood to write my paper. Because I want to spend time with my friends Essay writers advise: Find Your Helping Hand! Help Write An Essay Write My Essay For Cheap Written Essays For Sale Top Essay Writing Though his life had been continual unfolding of an endless drama, Gandhi himself seemed the least dramatic of men. It would be difficult to imagine a man with fewer trappings of political eminence or with less of the popular image of a heroic figure. With his loincloth, steel-rimmed glasses, rough sandals, a toothless smile and a voice, which rarely rose above a whisper, he had a disarming humility. He used a stone instead of soap for his bath, wrote his letters on little bits of paper with little stumps of pencils which he could hardly hold between his fingers, shaved with a crude country razor and ate with a wooden spoon from a prisoners bowl. He was, if one were to use the famous words of the Buddha, a man who had "by rousing himself, by earnestness, by restraint and control, made for him an island which no flood could overwhelm." Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948) - a small Introduction: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. He became one of the most respected spiritual and political leaders of the 1900's. GandhiJI helped free the Indian people from British rule through nonviolent resistance, and is honored by Indians as the father of the Indian Nation. The Indian people called Gandhiji 'Mahatma', meaning Great Soul. At the age of 13 Gandhi married Kasturba, a girl the same age. Their parents arranged the marriage. The Gandhis had four children. Gandhi studied law in London and returned to India in 1891 to practice. In 1893 he took on a one-year contract to do legal work in South Africa. At the time the British controlled South Africa. When he attempted to claim his rights as a British subject he was abused, and soon saw that all Indians suffered similar treatment. Gandhi stayed in South Africa for 21 years working to secure rights for Indian people. He developed a method of action based upon the principles of courage, nonviolenc e and truth called Satyagraha. He believed that the way people behave is more important than what they achieve. Satyagraha promoted nonviolence and civil disobedience as the most appropriate methods for obtaining political and social goals. In 1915 Gandhi returned to India. Within 15 years he became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement. Using the principles of Satyagraha he led the campaign for Indian independence from Britain. Gandhi was arrested many times by the British for his activities in South Africa and India. He believed it was honorable to go to jail for a just cause. Altogether he spent seven years in prison for his political activities. More than once Gandhi used fasting to impress upon others the need to be nonviolent. India was granted independence in 1947, and partitioned into India and Pakistan. Rioting between Hindus and Muslims followed. Gandhi had been an advocate for a united India where Hindus and Muslims lived together in peace. On January 13, 1948, at the age of 78, he began a fast with the purpose of stopping the bloodshed. After 5 days the opposing leaders pledged to stop the fighting and Gandhi broke his fast. Twelve days later a Hindu fanatic, Nathuram Godse who opposed his program of tolerance for all creeds and religion assassinated him. Gandhi: The Father of India: The average Indian has written essays on the Mahatma in school, and pored over his contribution to Indias independence in History classes. While most historical personalities in Indias checkered history, no matter how dynamic, could inspire only a fraction of the population, Gandhi connected with Indians at their own level, their caste, creed, sex or status notwithstanding, and was aptly christened BAPU or father. This is not to say that hagiographers could be summoned, and Gandhi is above criticism. In fact, the man attracted criticism, and continues to do so, like a bee is drawn to honey. But few would have beheld the man and his philosophy, without yielding both a reaction. Gandhi hardly needs an introduction. A voluminous literature has gone into studying the man who became the Mahatma or great soul. His personal writings add up to ninety large volumes. Words Of Gandhi: Gandhiji has given new definitions to some words, which can change our lives. Lets see them in his words: Truth: WHATis Truth? A difficult question; but I have solved it for myself by saying that it is what the voice within tells you. All that I can in true humility present to you is that Truth is not to be found by anybody who has not got an abundant sense of humility. If you would swim on the bosom of the ocean of Truth, you must reduce yourself to a zero. (YI, 31-12-1931, p428). Truth and Love--ahimsa--is the only thing that counts. Where this is present, everything rights itself in the end. This is a law to which there is no exception. (YI, 18-8-1927, p265). To see the universal and all-pervading spirit of Truth face to face one must be able to love the meanest of creation as oneself. (A, p370-1). Truth resides in every human heart, and one has to search for it there, and to be guided by truth as one sees it. But no one has a right to coerce others to act according to his own view of truth.(H, 24-11-1933, p6). Non-violence: Non-violence is an unchangeable creed. It has to be pursued in face of violence raging around you. Non-violence with a non-violent man is no merit. In fact it becomes difficult to say whether it is non-violence at all. But when it is pitted against violence, then one realizes the difference between the two. This we cannot do unless we are ever wakeful, ever vigilant, ever striving. (H, 2-4-1938, p64) God: To me God is Truth and Love; God is ethics and morality; God is fearlessness. God is the source of Light and Life and yet He is above and beyond all these. God is conscience. He is even the atheism of the atheist. For in His boundless love God permits the atheist to live. He is the searcher of hearts. He transcends speech and reason. He knows us and our hearts better than we do ourselves. (YI, 5-3-1925, p81). The spinning wheel rules out exclusiveness. It stands for all inclusiveness. It stands for all including the poorest. It, therefore, requires us to be humble and to cast away pride completely. (H, 13-10-1946, p. 345) Altruism: YAJNA MEANS an act directed to the welfare of others, done without desiring any return for it, whether of a temporal or spiritual nature. 'Act' here must be taken in its widest sense, and includes thought and word, as well as deed. 'Others" embraces not only humanity, but all life.... This need not frighten anyone. He who devotes himself to service with a clear conscience will day by day grasp the necessity for it in greater measure, and will continually grow richer in faith. The path of service can hardly be trodden by one who is not prepared to renounce self-interest,. If we cultivate the habit of doing this service deliberately, our desire for service will steadily grow stronger, and will make not only for our own happiness, but that of the world at large. (FYM, pp. 53-56) Spirituality: I DO not believe...that an individual may gain spiritually and those who surround him suffer. I believe in advaita, I believe in the essential unity of man and, for that matter, of all that lives. Therefore, I believe that if one man gains spiritually, the whole world gains with him and, if one man falls, the whole world falls to that extent. (YI, 4-12-1924, p. 398) Gandhi: As a leader to the India and the World: The Beginning of Struggle In Africa: The turning point in Gandhis life begins in South Africa. He found himself in the midst of an intimidated and oppressed Indian community that was the butt of racial discrimination. Only too aware of his own shortcomings, Gandhi struggled to overcome his personal inhibitions, and worked towards uniting the South African Indians to protest against discrimination and racial bias. After a few brief spells in prison, he succeeded in getting the local governance to relax its laws for the first time in 1908, then again in 1914. He lived in South Africa for 20 years and it would not be out of line to believe that the nature of his work in South Africa inspired him to achieve the near impossible back home, where Gandhi was already a name to reckon with. Gandhi's Fight For Indian Freedom: He finally returned to India in 1915. Instead of breezing into Indian politics, he thought it necessary to travel across India, and had the first adult up-close-and-personal experience of his country. What he saw was an India crippled by poverty and ignorance, and the apathetic handling of the countrys affairs by the British. Appalled by an abject India, he set up the Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad and went on to live there in quest of his Holy Grail. The Swadeshi Movement: That he was an ace economist, theologian, politician and sociologist is evident from his mastery and handling of each of these branches of knowledge. And his dialogue with the Indians and the British was based on a personal discourse that emerged at the crossroad of these disciplines. With an unparalleled understanding of the needs, wants and beliefs of the neglected and forgotten Indians, 80% of whom lived in villages, Gandhi was ready to make a difference. The Swadeshi Movement that exhorted the people of India to wear khadi (home-spun cotton) and shun European goods as the first step towards self-reliance, is just one of the numerous revolutions he engineered successfully. But the remarkable quality about Gandhi, and perhaps the reason of his sorrow, was that in spite of his obvious practical good sense, he ached for the ideal. Gandhi, as a Communicator: It has often been asserted that Gandhis impact on the people he met and spoke to be simply electrifying. These people were not just freedom fighters and politicians, writers and thinkers; there were among them slum dwellers and villagers, farmers and laborers, little-educated people and illiterates. But Gandhi wasnt a populist, saying what he thought his audience would like to hear; he was on the contrary quite capable of saying things or doing things that were rather incomprehensible to the people at large or were considered unacceptable, which may not be surprising since he was a great deal more than the leader of a freedom movement; he was a social reformer too. Consider these examples: Hinduism has sinned in giving sanction to untouchability (Young India, April 24, 1921). We are guilty of having suppressed our brethren; we make them crawl on their bellies, we have made them rub their noses on the ground; we push them out of railway compartment what more than this has British rule done? What charge can we bring against Dyer and ODwyer, may not other, and even our own, people lay at our doors? We ought to purge ourselves of this pollution (Young India, May 4, 1921). There is no ambiguity in the language, no hedging, and no avoiding saying directly what he thought about some matter in apprehension of the possible resentment that these thoughts might evoke in the people. In fact, it is this directness that makes his expression forceful. Gandhi eschewed rhetoric in favor of clarity and directness. One rhetorical device that Gandhi used effectively, like many other effective journalists, was rhetorical question. He used it only occasionally, as in the third extract above and in the following: The Qaid-e-Azam says that all the Muslims will be safe in Pakistan. In Punjab, Sindh and Bengal we have Muslim League Governments. Can one say that what is happening in those provinces augurs well for the peace of the country? Does the Muslim League believe that it can sustain Islam by the sword (Speech at a Prayer Meeting, September 7, 1946)? What good will it does the Muslims to avenge the happenings in Delhi or for the Sikhs and the Hindus to avenge cruelties on our co-religionists in the Frontier and West Punjab? If a man or a group of men go mad, should everyone follow suit (From a Prayer Meeting, September 12, 1947)? Apart from rhetorical question, he sometimes used irony, as in (8) and occasionally, a simple metaphor, as in (9). Simplicity of language, the balanced structure and the irony make (8) effective. I believe myself to be an orthodox Hindu and it is my conviction that no one who scrupulously practices the Hindu religion may kill a cow-killer to protect a cow (On Hindu Muslim Unity, April 8, 1919). Let not future generations say that we lost the sweet bread of freedom because we could not digest it (From a Prayer Meeting, September 12, 1947). An unexciting metaphor, a student of language might say, but an intelligible metaphor from the point of view of the common man. He could use gentle satire quite effectively; when, after the reception at Buckingham Palace, King George V warned him against attacks on the British Empire, Gandhis reply was (10): When Churchill made extremely negative remarks about the post-Independence violence in the subcontinent, Gandhi responded to the same in the following way: Mr. Churchill is a great manHe took the helm when Great Britain was in dangerhe saved the British Empire from a great danger at that time If he knew that India would be reduced to such a state after freeing itself from the rule of the British Empire, did he for a moment take the trouble of thinking that the entire responsibilities for it lies with the British Empire? (Gandhi, R. 1995:143) End of The Legendary Hero: Gandhi led the Congress for a period of 25 years, and during this time the party truly came to represent united Indias struggle for freedom. Gandhis charisma caught the imagination of millions. Villagers and city dwellers, men, women and children rallied behind the Congress as it led Indias march towards freedom from the British. Freedom came, but at a price. A nation was partitioned to yield a Hindu-dominated India and a Muslim-dominated Pakistan. Gandhi opposed the partition that left millions dead, mutilated and homeless, bitterly till the end. By upholding the cause of the Muslims and Harijans, he alienated himself from the Hindu majority. and on January 30th 1948, in an India that was finally free, a Brahman named Nathuram Godse walked right unto Gandhi and shot him at point-blank range. Both India and Pakistan continue to be plagued by the repercussions of partition till this day. A man who regarded him as a saint but could not live with his ideals assassinated that Gandhi, and that Gandhi hankered after the ideal in a practical world far-removed from ideality, shall forever remain a paradox. The bibliography An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: M.K. Gandhi :translated from Gujarati by Mahadev Desai : Navajivan Publishing House. Ahmedabad; vol. I, 1927;Vol. II, 1929; edition used: 1959 All Are Equal in the Eyes of God ( Selections from Mahatma Gandhis Writings). Chakravarty, Nikhil (1995). Mahatma Gandhi: The Great Communicator, Gandhi Marg, January-March,1995, pp.389-397. Fiske, John (1990). Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge, London. From Yeravda Mandir: Ashram Observance: M.K. Gandhi; translated by V.G.Desai ; Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, 1933; edition used:1957. Gandhi: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, New York. Publication Division, Government of India (1994).

Heritage Tourism and Cultural Tourism

Heritage Tourism and Cultural Tourism Introduction Notably, the distinction between heritage tourism and cultural tourism has not been easy to draw. Researchers have devoted their time in an attempt to establish whether the two aspects are different or they just overlap (Timothy, 2011; Ivanovic, 2008). The key partners in the tourism sector have worked hard to find a way to define and distinguish between cultural and heritage forms of tourism. The subject has generated extensive debates that seek to find whether the two terms are similar and how to use them (Swarbrooke, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heritage Tourism and Cultural Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Heritage Tourism and Cultural tourism Cultural tourism is a form of tourism that deals with the country’s culture. It has a major focus on the diverse cultures that different communities have. Sometimes, it is pegged on the art of the community. It also takes an interest in the unique social diversity of one community in a region (Timothy Nyaupane, 2009). The distinct features of one community such as art, which makes it distinguishable, are considered cultural tourism. Cultural tourism is mainly found in an urban setting where large cities and their cultural sites are held very core to tourism (‘Oxford English Dictionary’, 2008). Cultural tourism has also been defined as a form of tourism concerned with the lifestyle of the people in a given country or region. This second definition is aligned to the activities that people engage in rather than the sites (Smith, 2003; Ivanovic, 2008). The historical practices that dictate the life style of one community form the main element of cultural tourism. This form of tourism is not just restricted to urban areas; sometimes, tourists monitor rural community’s festivals. The museums and theatres in many countries are the main reasons why cultural tourism has been considered to be urban base d. In regions where theatres and museums are located in the rural areas, cultural tourism becomes strictly rural (Shackley, 1998). Cultural tourism encompasses movement of people from the residents to gather the necessary information from different cultural backgrounds. The new information and the experiences of traveling are the key purpose of cultural tourism. At the end of the day, a cultural tourist seeks to satisfy the cultural needs. The main destinations in cultural tourism are strictly cultural areas such as historical sites, festivals, and natural ecosystems (Ooi, 2002). On the other hand, heritage tourism is defined as anything that a community receives as a transmission from the past to the present. Such transmissions in the present involve cultural materials, intangible heritage, and natural heritage (Timothy Boyd, 2003). The guiding rule in preservation revolves around the uniqueness of the site to the present and future generations. For it to be considered heritage to urism, people must be moving from one preserved site to another (Smith Robinson, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Heritage definition has the word culture. Heritage is thus defined as the travelling of people from one site to another so as to present people’s stories from the past to the present. During the travel, culture has been a facilitating tool. The activities surrounding culture have been the core interest of heritage. It has been stated that heritage tourism is increasingly becoming popular in various parts of the globe. A tourist in heritage tourism is motivated by the presence of heritage sites. This is because heritage is the main product that shapes heritage tourism (Ronchi, 2008). Numerous explanations seeking to show how distinct the cultural tourism is from heritage tourism have been raised. The endless debate to distinguish the two proves that differentiating the two is a complex phenomenon. The distinguishable elements are not only in the definition, but also in the location of the sites. Several sites may be used for heritage tourism and cultural tourism. Such usage has confused many tourists to a point of finding no difference between the two. The interchangeable nature of the sites has made it hard to realize the difference between the two aspects (Richards, 2001). Heritage tourism has several characteristics. Firstly, it ranges from sites considered relatively small to international sites. The small sites are normally not staffed while major attractions are well coordinated and staffed. Small heritage sites have few visitors who are expected at a certain time of the year (Singh, 2002). Heritage sites also have natural resources. Admission to view these sites is free and at a time charged according to the market rate (Graham Howard, 2008). There has been a perception that heritage sites are managed for to urism purposes. However, there are other heritage sites that are protected (National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States, 1991). Promotion of authenticity has been one of the major characteristics of heritage tourism. It consists of having a competent visitor services delivery offering quality products. The benefits offered to a visitor always vary depending on the visitor’s experiences (Moufakkir Kelly, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heritage Tourism and Cultural Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been argued that heritage and cultural tourism are hard to consider as distinct. The above definitions clearly indicate that the two types of tourism tend to overlap. It has been further asserted that the areas that overlap are more than the notable differences (Singh, 2005). The main unanswered question has been how to distinguish between a cultural and heritage visitor. The two elements are similar and a suggestion to create well-rounded cultural heritage tourism experiences has been a fostered by key tourism stakeholders all over the world today (Lavery and Van Doren, 1990). A survey between the two types of tourism basing on the programs in heritage and cultural tourism shows that many of the heritage programs are found in rural areas. On the other hand, cultural sites are found in urban settings (Howarth, Rowley, Butterfield, Madeley Museums Association, 1901). The classification of the two programs has often been pegged on the location of the sites which distinguishes the two (Richards, 1996). In describing historical preservation, the word heritage tourism is used. On the other hand, in cultural tourism programs, museums and theatres are evident. In the preservation of the sites for tourism purposes, it is clear that what is termed as the â€Å"culture of today† becomes the heritage of the future (McIntosh Goeldner, 1986). There are clear differences between heritage tourism and cultural tourism. Heritage tourism is said to be place-based compared to cultural tourism. Heritage tourism is attached to the place while cultural tourism is based on experience with minimum or no emphasis on the place. In other words, the content of cultural and heritage tourism has always been the same, but the context differs (Leask, 2008). Though the definition and understanding of cultural and heritage tourism have been hard to distinguish, it is still clear that lay people and visitors attach some different meanings to the two aspects. However, in the broad sense, the two words have been used interchangeably. An imagination of a distinct definition between heritage tourism and cultural tourism has been extremely pursued (Kockel, 1994). There is one main reason as to why different researchers and other interested parties have sought the distinction between the two elements. This reason is grounded on the fact that various tourists find the two aspects to be different. The various reasons as to why people visit heritage sites have triggered the need to have a definition (Leask Fyall, 2006; Leask Yeoman, 1999). The complexity of definition has been promoted by the fact that a cultural tourist will visit a heritage site with a reason. On the contrary, a casual tourist visits a heritage site for adventure. The attraction is sometimes used to discover a site for the first time (Howard Ashworth, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To unfold the complexity introduced by definition and why it is necessary to define heritage sites, it is important to state that the object of heritage tourism is the people. Therefore, it is difficult to define heritage tourism. This is because the definition has various meanings to different individuals (Hoffman, 2006). The unique way in which different individuals perceive heritage site dictates the nature of experiences to be achieved by the tourists. There are those who view a heritage site as a place where they go for holidays. On the other hand, there are others who collect information from such sites (Agarwal Shaw, 2007). The cultural background of an individual helps in understanding heritage tourism. Notably, it is not possible to distinguish cultural influences from the understanding of heritage tourism. What the Americans consider as reasons to visiting a heritage site may be understood differently by someone in Australia (Hannerz, 1992). The main reason for such varia tions is that different places have different types of heritage sites (Timothy Boyd, 2006). In some instances, natural places are regarded as sites while others attach heritage to the notion that the people in a given place are unique. From the analysis, it is possible to observe there is no uniformity in the definition for heritage tourism (Hall Jenkins, 2003). There is a need to unveil the complexity behind the definition of heritage tourism. This is triggered from the fact that, in recent year’s, heritage has become a commodity that is capable of being sold. The selling includes substantial marketing that requires diverse knowledge. Most of the heritage sites around the globe have been widely advertised to allow tourism attraction (Hall McArthur, 1996). In order to attract the target group, one ought to be aware of the cultural meanings of a heritage. There are some parts where heritage is not a tourism product since people believe that it represents ancestry. Some are strictly opposed to its commercialization (Sharma, 2004). Such opposition is very evident in rural sites. Many still argue that it is unfair for people to try to market heritage while they are unable to get an extensive definition on what it means. The fact that heritage sites have been moved to the urban centers means that the meaning attached to them has been lost through commodification of the sites (Goeldner Ritchie, 2009). The intangible nature of culture has made heritage complex since it has pegged much value to the experience of the site rather than the site. At a time when tourism is determined by the forces of demand and supply, there are interpretations created in understanding the term and its outcome. The assertion that heritage tourism has assisted in preservation of sites has been viewed as promoting the traditional view of heritage sites being a place to remind people of their ancestry (Fyall, Garrod, Leask Wanhill, 2008). The conflict in understanding between the effectiveness of demand and those that believe that heritage is important and should be preserved while others think that heritage is a commercial product. The only way to harmonize the two conflicting sides is by finding a definition to suit the two sides (Goh, 2010). To reach that definition has been hard hence presenting the situation in complex state. Irrespective of the complexities presented by the definition, different researchers have tried to simplify the definition by introducing the three categories of heritage tourism (Drummond, et al, 2000). The first category of heritage tourism is the heritage status attributed to the visited site. Secondly, the visitor’s knowledge of the status given to the site is equally important (Herbert, 1995). Lastly, the relationship between the visitor’s personal heritage and the site is also considered. The categorization of heritage tourism simplifies the complexity (Drummond Yeoman, 2001). The above discussions show how hard it has been to come up with a universal definition to suit heritage tourism. At the same time, it has also proved hard to differentiate heritage from cultural tourism (Palang Fry, 2003). he greatest hurdle which has made it hard to get the definition is the interpersonal differences witnessing in perceiving the word heritage. The naming of the world’s heritage sites by UNESCO has continued each and every day, but it has been hard to get a definition that stands for heritage tourism (Dasgupta, Biswas Mallik, 2009). I would suggest that the suitable universal definition for heritage tourism is: the experience one gets when visiting historical and cultural places. The definition is centered on the experiences rather than the places visited. The factors that compel a conclusive definition are to effect a definition that cuts across to ensure that cultural and heritage aspects are joined together. Such a definition will establish cultural heritage tourism. This is grounded on t he fact that everyday, different heritage sites are created, and hence a more conclusive definition must state the experience and not the site. It has been established that the definition given to a site assists in guiding different tourists. At a time when tourists are from different cultural backgrounds, it is important to have a clear definition so as to avoid confusion. Conclusion The distinction that exists between cultural and heritage tourism is based on form and not substance. The features that make the cultural heritage are sometimes the characteristics of heritage tourism depending on the place. There are notable differences between the two aspects as mentioned above. The complexity in the definition of heritage tourism is worth unveiling so as to get the different context that people adopt. The suggested definition is also critical to assess since it seeks to harmonize the views of different people to create a universal definition that cuts across different people. Touris ts from different cultural background have varied reasons for visiting sites. Therefore, they can only know where to visit if clear definitions are adopted. Reference List Agarwal, S Shaw, G 2007, Coastal tourism resorts: a global perspective, Channel View Publications, Clevedon. Dasgupta, S, Biswas, R Mallik, GK 2009, Heritage tourism: an anthropological journey to Bishnupur, Mittal Publications, New Delhi. Drummond, S, et al 2000, Quality Issues in Heritage Visitor Attractions, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Drummond, S Yeoman, I 2001, Quality issues in heritage visitor attractions, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Fyall, A, Garrod, B, Leask, A and Wanhill, S 2008, Managing Visitor Attractions: New Directions, John Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. Goh, E 2010, â€Å"Understanding the heritage tourist market segment,† International Journal Leisure and Tourism Marketing Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 14-23. Graham, BJ Howard, P 2008, The Ashgate research companion to heritage and identity, Ashg ate Pub. Co., Burlington, VT. Hall, CM McArthur, S 1996, Heritage Management in Australia New Zealand. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hall, CM Jenkins, JM 2003, Tourism and public policy, Thomson, London. Hannerz, U 1992, Cultural complexity: studies in the social organization of meaning. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. Herbert, DT 1995, Heritage, tourism and society, Mansell, London u.a. Hoffman, BT 2006, Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Howard, P Ashworth, GJ 1999. European heritage planning and management, Intellect, Exeter [u.a.]. Howarth, E, Rowley, FR, Butterfield, WR, Madeley, C Museums Association 1901, Museums journal, Museums Association, London. Ivanovic, M 2008, Cultural tourism, Juta, Cape Town, South Africa. Kockel, U 1994, Culture, tourism and development: the case of Ireland, Liverpool Univ. Press, Liverpool. Lavery, P and Van Doren, C 1990, Travel and Tourism, Elm Publications, Suffoilk. Leask, A 200 8, The Nature and Role of Visitor Attractions in A Fyall, et al. (eds) Managing Visitor Attractions, Elsevier, Oxford. Leask, A Fyall, A 2006, Managing World Heritage Sites, Elsevier, Oxford. Leask, A Yeoman, I 1999, Heritage Visitor Attractions An Operations Management Perspective, Continuum, London. McIntosh, RW Goeldner, R 1986, Tourism, principles, practices and philosophies, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. Moufakkir, O Kelly, I 2010, Tourism, Progress and Peace, CABI, Wallingford [etc.]. National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States 1991, Historic preservation forum: the journal of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, The Trust. Washington, D.C. Ooi, c-s 2002, Cultural tourism and tourism cultures: the business of mediating experiences in Copenhagen and Singapore, Business School Press, Copenhagen. Oxford English Dictionary 2008, viewed on https://www.oed.com/. Palang, H Fry, G 2003, Landscape interfaces: cultural heritage in changing landscapes, Kluwer Acad emic, Dordrecht. Richards, G 2001, Cultural attractions and European tourism, CABI Publ., Wallingford [u.a.]. Richards, G 1996, Cultural tourism in Europe, Internat, Wallingford, CAB. Ronchi, AM 2008, eCulture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age, Springer, Berlin. Shackley, M 1998, Visitor Management Case Studies from World Heritage Sites, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Sharma, KK 2004,Tourism and regional development, Sarup Sons, New Delhi. Singh, S 2002, Tourism in destination communities, CABI Publishing, Wallingford [u.a.]. Singh, T 2005, New horizons in tourism: strange experiences and stranger practices, CABI Pub, Cambridge, MA. Smith, M 2003, Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies, Routledge, London. Smith, MK Robinson, M 2006, Cultural tourism in a changing world: politics, participation and (re)presentation, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, Angleterre, Toronto. Swarbrooke, J 2001, Heritage Tourism in the UK- A glance at things to come. Web. Timothy, DJ 2011, Cultural he ritage and tourism: an introduction, Channel View, Bristol. Timothy, D Boyd, S 2003, Heritage Tourism, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow. Timothy, D Boyd, S 2006, â€Å"Heritage Tourism in the 21st Century†, Journal of Heritage Tourism, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 22-40. Timothy, D Nyaupane, G 2009, Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: a Regional perspective, Routledge, Abingdon.

Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Culture - Assignment Example In his article, Martin Lever explores and clarifies the importance of nurses being knowlegdable in the culture of their patients especially when dealing with individual patients(Leever, 2011). He argues that the competence of nurses in culture is likely to contribute to positive results in the healthcare of a person they are caring for . Lisa Bearskin in her article agrees with Martin Leever that indeed possession of cultural competence by nurses has a positive impact on the patients. She points out that the nursing profession has evolved over the years in terms of appreciating and including culture in delivery of service to the patients (Bearskin, 2011). However, she advises that the nurses should not focus only on being competent in culture but also concentrate on â€Å"cultural safety by way of relational ethics† as â€Å"a more respectful way to achieve ethical nursing practice in everyday situations† (Bearskin, 2011, p.557). Nurses should pay close attention to the specific needs of each individual patient in order to achieve their objective of delivering the best healthcare service to the patient. Health care facilities should therefore position themselves by ensuring that they are prepared and ready to accommodate the cultural needs of their patients and should show that commitment through adequate training of their nurse staff (Leever,

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 17

Psychology - Essay Example First the results indicate that attribution style across cultures differed significantly between western and eastern culture. People who belonged to more western and individualistic cultures indicated to be more dispositional and less situational orientated than people from more collectivistic and eastern cultures, signifying that culture does influence how people are initially inclined to elucidate a given situation. The culture differences in attribution style is not unexpected considering the widespread research showing that attributions in Western cultures tend to be more dispositional, whereas attribution in Eastern cultures tend to be more situational (Shweder & Bourne, 1984). Secondly, the present study also extended the existing cross-cultural research by exploring and examining, if there were any significant relations between attribution style and racism attitudes, predicting that people, who are more dispositional orientated and more prone in making the fundamental attribution error, would indicate more racism attitudes. However, the study failed to replicate and find significant results in this domain, as there was found no significant correlation between attribution style and racism attitude across dispositional and situational orientation. This failure perhaps originates from the fundamental method and approach of the research. While earlier empirical studies have based their results on controlled experiments, this research has emphasized on random responses and reactions from the participants. The participants have been recruited from various ethnic groups, diversified in religious beliefs, age group, and gender. This is clearly evident from the diversity in sample population which comprise of the majority Muslim participants, a significant group of Christians and a small group of minorities. As a result the only controlled element in the sampling, the equal distribution of