Nike vs Adidas Essay Example for Free

Nike vs Adidas EssayMy area of study for this fox would be more on comparing the performances for Nike and Adidas for the past 5 stratums. In this project I would explain the performance such as maturation in profits, revenues, market share, the gild employers and employees, size of the market share, steps for increasing the accessible performance, products performance, dividends per share, assets and the company investment. Nike and Adidas and have been the top two leading merriment companies in the turn industry over the past few decades. These two companies sell and tour wide range of products for the customers and their products pop the questioned is mainly on amusements wear for men and women and caters to consumers from different age groups. Their products consist on clothing such as jerseys, shirts, t-shirts, shorts and pants. These companies besides provide the customers varieties of footwear such as sports shoes, casual shoes, boots, sandals and stockings. Bes ides that, fashion accessories are also offered from these three companies such as bags, watch, bracelets, wallets and purse.And lastly they also offer a wide range of sport gears for their customers. Nike and Adidas have also been the top sponsors in the sport industry. Sponsoring their products is important for the companies to take a leak brand recognition, building their brand externalise and to promote their latest products. Nike and Adidas have been sponsoring equipments, clothing and accessories for athletes and coaches in sport tournaments and events. For instance, these three companies sponsor their products for football, soccer, basketball, baseball and many more. These companies also include slogan and motto for their company.Nikes motto is Just Do It which is the signature of the brand which makes their products and the company recognizable to consumers. As for Adidas, their current motto is Impossible is Nothing which serves as an encouragement to athletes for their s ports. Origins and write up of Nike and Adidas Nike, originally known as Blue palm tree Sports was founded by University of Oregeon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger, making most sales at track meets show up of Knights automobile.The companys profits grew quickly, and in 1966, Blue Ribbon Sports opened its first retail store, located on Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. By 1971, the affinity between Blue Ribbon Sports and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end. BRS prepared to frame its own line of footwear, which would bear the newly designed Swoosh by Carolyn Davidson. The Swoosh was first used by Nike in June 1971, and was registered with the U. S. Patent and Trademark stead on January 22, 1974. Adidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Adi Dassler, following the split of Gebruder Dassler Schuhfabrik between him and his older brother, Rudolf.Rudolf wo uld later establish Puma, which was the early rival of Adidas. Registered in 1949, Adidas is currently based in Herzogenaurach, Germany. The companys clothing and shoe designs typically feature three parallel bars, and the same motif is incorporated into Adidass current official logo. The Three Stripes were bought from the Finnish sport company Karhu Sports in the 1950s. Objective The objective of the project is to measure and compare the marketing strategies of the top two sport fashion companies which are Nike and Adidas.So this project would be mainly conducted to resolute the similarities and differences of the two sport companies marketing strategies. Besides that, this project will compare on the performance of Nike and Adidas which include the companys growth in revenues, profits or elucidate income, dividends per share, size of company in the market, performances of employees, steps for increasing the genial responsibility performance, products performance, stock performan ce and the company performances in investment. Problem StatementFirstly, the sport industry is becoming ever more competitive, with new brands competing for a share of consumers for the products in the market. Building a relationship with customers is a challenge facing for Nike and Adidas. This is because the companies need to be followed up with new trends and styles in the industry for their customers in order for them to build their products brand and image. Secondly, there was a case happened in China where a local Chinese domestic sports goods manufacturer company called Li Ning opened 6917 stores in mainland China by declination 31,2008 aking it 1241 more than the course of study of 2007.During the grade 2008, Li Ning has published its financial report which states that due to the Beijing Olympic Games, the company made broad(a) revenues of CNY 669(million) a socio-economic class on- grade-increase of 53. 8% compared to the year 2007. Not only that, Li Ning made an overa ll entry into the market of sou-east Asia. Now they have stores in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and other Southeast Asia countries. This became a problem for Nike and Adidas where the two international giants see recession in their performance in China.According to the financial report of Adidas, the companys authorise profit decreased by 95% to 130 million in the first half of the year. As for the sales revenue, it decreased by 2% to 5. 03 billion. As for Nike numbers of distributors were reduced in the year 2008 due with the bad performance. Thirdly, the problem that attracted me to do this project is because I would like to know why Nike had low growth in revenue in the year of 2009. Nike had only increased 3% of its revenue to $ 19176. (million), with net income falling 21% to $ 1486. 7(million). As for Adidas, they also had the same problem. hardly the problem for Adidas was worst compared to Nike because at the year of 2009, the company net income is 10381(million) whi ch decreased compared to the year 2008 which is 10799(million). These two companies had their difficulties is the year of 2009. So I would eager to find out about the problems they faced during that year. Significance of StudyThe importance of doing this project would be very important to other parties and companies. In this case, small and medium enterprise (SME) would get the advantages and benefits because they would know how the big(p)ger companies such as Nike and Adidas operates their businesses, how they sell their products and services to their customers, what kind of marketing strategies they use, how the companies measure their performances and the most important ground is how Nike and Adidas continues to become a big market player in the sports industry.As part of that, this project will comprise mainly of small to medium-sized companies to engage in a diversity of activities which includes manufacturing of sport goods, sport tourism, media, and construction of venues. For example, small and medium enterprise (SME) in Malaysia can take the opportunity to get involved with sport products, services, sponsorships, hosting up international sport tournaments and events.And not to forget, the involvement of (SME) would also helps our country in the tourism sector because many athletes and participants will get to travel and visit our country and this will comparatively build the countries economic performances. Corporate social responsibilities (CSR) also play a role for every sport companies in responsibility to act in a way that positively contributes to their stakeholders and the communities in which they exist.In this case, it is increasingly important for the social and economic issues such as rapid technological change, a diverse and develop population, environ amiable changes and mounting concerns regarding the countrys growing social divide have resulted in focusing on the responsibility of firms to the communities in which they operate. (Margo lis Walsh 2003 Sagawa Segal 2000) Justification The rationalness I chose this topic is because the project is interesting as sports is an important part of todays society and plays a large role in many peoples lives.From a social standpoint, sport plays a positive role in uniting people from different social backgrounds. This can aid peoples understanding and tolerance of each other. As far as education is concerned, sport is an important part of every childs schooling, as it plays a big role in both their physical and mental development. It teaches children how to work as a part of a team and cooperate with others, while at the same time improving physical condition. The second reason I chose sports industry because this industry is growing rapidly in Malaysia.There are continuous demands from customers, sports athletes, and models for these sport products. The Malaysian sport industry is considered as a young industry comprising of small and medium-sized businesses. The Malaysi an sports industry comprises of companies engaging in a diversity of activities, from the manufacturing of sport goods, sport tourism, media, to the construction of sport facilities. The third why I chose these two companies is because Nike and Adidas has been the biggest market share player in the sports industry.Nike controls 31% of athletic sportswear which is the highest market share compared to other sport companies in the year 2007. As for Adidas, they control the second highest share of athletic sportswear which is 16% of the market in 2007. As for other companies Puma controls 7%, Reebok 6%, modern Balance 6%, and Converse 4%. Expected Outcomes The suffered outcome which I can conclude is Nike would have the better performance for this year 2010 because their net income/profit for the past few years have been stable. Ever since the year of 2006, Nikes net income/profit stands at $ 1392. (million).As for the year 2007, it increased to $ 1491. 5(million). At the year 2008, N ikes net income/profit increased with huge and outstanding amount of $ 1883. 4(million). But by the year of 2009, their company had a decreased in their net income/profit which is $ 1486. 7(million). As for Adidas, the company would not have a better performance compared to Nike because in the year 2009, their net income was only 245(million). Their net income decreased with a huge margin compared to the year 2008 which is 642(million). So the key impact from the financial statement of year 2009.The net income of Adidas reduced more than 60% in 2009. But Nike was capable of stabilizing the results with a minor reduction of only 20% in 2009. As for the performance of dividend development, Nike has shown increases in its number. For the year 2006, Nikes dividends state per common share stands at $ 0. 59. Their company dividend increased to $ 0. 98 in the year 2009. But as for Adidas, they showed a decline from the year 2006 to 2009. In the year 2006, Adidas dividends declared per c ommon share stands at 0. 42. While in the year 2009, Adidas dividends declared per common share felt to 0. 5.As for the expected outcome for the year 2010, Nike would be expected to increase their dividends successfully because their dividend declared per common share has been rising steadily. As for the companys asset assessment, I can expect that Nike would do better in the assets performance in the year 2010 because their total assets have been increasing from the year 2006-2009. The total of assets that Nike had in the year 2006 was $ 9,869(million), in the year of 2007, Nikes assets increased to $ 10,688. 3(million). Last year, Nike had a total of assets of $ 13,250(million).This shows that Nikes assets have been increasing and it is expected to rise in the year 2010. As for Adidas, their companys total asset is not stable from the year shown in 2006-2009. In 2006, Adidas totals assets stands at 8379(million). It decreased on the following year to 8325(million). As for the y ear 2008, their total assets were increased to 9533(million). As for 2009, their total assets decreased to a total of 8875(million). Ever since Adidas total of assets is not stable, I can expect that Nike would do better in the assets performance.Referenceshttp//condor.depaul.edu/aalmaney/StrategicAnalysisofNike.htmhttp//www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1693768.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inchttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidashttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok

Biopsychology and The Importance Of Historical Milestones Within This Science Essay Example for Free

Biopsychology and The Importance Of Historical Milestones Within This Science EssaySir Charles Scott Sherrington was among the fountainhead-known psychologists of his time during the 1930s. Among the major issues, that he faced has been that of the utilization of the reflexes in the spinal anesthesia cord to investigate the different aspects of characterization that makes up the neurons and the entire tense system as well. This particular understanding has become one of the most dandy discoveries of the 1930s with regards the implicative facts about biopsychology. Through this understanding, there had been many other studies that followed, which were able to evaluate and rearrange the strategies used by Sherrington during his research in the 1930s What did the findings of the research actually pertain to and what breakthrough did it particularly imply in science of understanding the different aspects of biological psychology? Humans natural aspects actually affect the major ways by which they react to the situations that they face in their everyday activities. Obviously, the situation has been explained to have been controlled by the process with which the neurons within the nervous system respond to the outside situations that the person deals with.From this particular understanding, the study on the connection between human physiology and human behavior basics and dysfunctions as well had been further developed. Understandably, the said implicative studies improved the process of make amended explanation on the different developed informative sections that make up biopsychology today. Certainly, the get of such understanding led the process with which biopsychology is actually functioning today. The development of the said understanding mainly increases the competency of the said field in making informative and learned connection with regards the human basics in physical aspects and behavioral reflections.ReferencesMan on His Nature The 193738 Giff ord lectures, Edinburgh New York MacMillan, 1940. Cambridge University Press, 2nd rev. mutation 1951, hardcover ISBN 0-521-06436-8, paperback ISBN 0-521-09203-5.Selected Writings of Sir Charles Sherrington A Testimonial Presented by the Neurologists Forming the Guarantors of the Journal Brain Hoeber, 1940. Oxford University Press, 1979 ISBN 0-19-920104-8.

Corporate Social Responsibility: History, Benefits and Types

Corporate amic open state History, Benefits and TypesCorporate Social Responsibilityis sop up out by many bare-assed(prenominal) establishs. These overwhelm corporate responsibility, corporate ethics, coporate accountability and corporate citizenship just to detect a few. A key point to none is that Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR has no universal definition however, it generally refers to clear agate line concern enterprise practices with respect to ethical appraises, compliance with Legal requirements and respect for economic values. CSR goes beyond making profits, companies and stakeh agingers are responsible for their impact on deal and planet. Increasingly, stake holders should expect that companies should be much responsible both socially and environmentally in their put up of their business. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has described CSR as the business contri stillion to sustainable economic development.A Brief History of Cor porate Social ResponsibilityThe history of CSR dates back many years and in one instance discharge even be traced back 5000 years in ancient Mesopotamia around 1700 BC, King Hammurabi introduced a code in which builders, innkeepers orfarmers were put to death if their negligence ca eng recovered the deaths of otherwises, or major inconvenience to local anaesthetic citizens. In Ancient capital of Italy senators grumbled about the failure of businesses to contribute sufficient taxes to fund their military campaigns, while in 1622 disgruntled share professers in the Dutch East India Company started issuing pamphlets kvetch about management secrecy and self enrichment. With industrialisation, the impacts of business on order of magnitude and the environment assumed an entirely new dimension. The corporate paternalists of the late nineteenth and archean twentieth centuries used some of their wealth to escort philanthropic ventures. By the 1920s discussions about the social respon sibilities of business had evolved into what we jackpot recognise as the beginnings of the novel CSR movement. The phrase Corporate Social Responsibility was coined in 1953 with the publication of Bowens Social Responsibility of Businessmen (Corporate enamour report, 2006). The evolution of CSR is as old as tidy sum and business for any of corporation. Industrialization and impact of businesses on the gild led to a complete new vision. By 80s and 90s CSR was taken into discussion, the first family to hold CSR was Shell in 1998. (Corporate watch report, 2006) With well informed and educated general people it has die a threat to the corporate and CSR is the solution to it. In 1990 CSR was ensample in the industry with companies analogous footing Water hearth Copper and KPMG. CSR evolved beyond code of conduct and reporting, eventually it started taking initiative in NGOs, multi stake holder, ethical trading. (Corporate watch report, 2006).Implementing Corporate Social Respo nsibilityThere are no generic CSR methods, each method is based on the individual firms charter and circumstances. Each method forget vary in its attentiveness of CSR issues and how much work needs to be done with respect to the snuggle. CSR thunder mug be utilized integrated into a firms core decision making, management processes, strategy and activities, be it over a period of clock or systematically. Most companies already possess policies with respect to the use customers, community, employees and the environment. These can be perfect starting points for firm-wide CSR approaches.What notes below is a manakin for the development and employation of a CSR approach that builds on current existing policies as well as experience and knowledge of other fields, such(prenominal) as economic and environmental. The broad framework follows a familiar plan, do, check and mitigate model. This framework has been intentional with the intention to be flexible so that firms would be able to mold and adapt it as appropriate for their organization.Implementation FrameworkWhen?(Conceptual phase)What?(Task delineation)How?(Checkpoints on the journey) figurearrow1.Conduct a CSR assessmentAssemble a CSR leadership teamDevelop a working definition of CSRReview corporate documents, processes and activitiesIdentify and adopt key stakeholders2. Develop a CSR strategyBuild support with senior managment and employeesResearch what others are doingprepare a matrix of proposed CSR actionsDevelop ideas for proceeding and the business case for themDecide on direction, approach and focus areasDoarrow3. Develop CSR loadingsDo a scan of CSR commitmentsHold discussions with major stakeholdersCreate a working group to develop the commitmentsPrepare a preliminary draftConsult with affected stakeholders4. Implement CSR commitmentsDevelop an integrated CSR decision-making structurePrepare and implement a CSR business planSet measurable targets and identify performance measuresEngage employees and others to whom CSR commitments applyDesign and conduct CSR trainingEstablish mechanisms for addressing problematic doingsCreate internal and external communications plansCheckarrow5. Verify and report on progressMeasure and verify performanceEngage stakeholders fib on performanceImprovearrow6. Evaluate and improveEvaluate performanceIdentify opportunities for imporvementEngage stakeholdersreturn arrowCross-check One cycle completed surrender to plan and start the next cycleBenefits of corporate social responsibilityCSR offers many benefits both externally and internally to companies.Externally, the benefits are greatly positive amongst the people for its company and their peers. It can create short term employment opportunities by taking various community projects like construction or maintenance of local parks and sporting complexes, etc. Working with keeping in view the interests of local community bring a wide range of business benefits. Businesses as well hit a n impact on the environment. Plantation and cultivation activities taken up by many companies are gameyly respected programs, as well as recycling used results. This alike acts as a step towards minimizing wastes.Internally, the benefit are mostly but not only felt by its employees, the standoff and retention of qualified and skilled employees as well as employee loyalty, increased productivity, whole step, sales and financial improvement for all. Most importantly, it also serves as a deflexion from the routine workplace practices and gives a feeling of purpose and sum to the entire work force. A affair from this, companies also benefit from CSR in areas such as business sustainability competitive advantage easier compliance with regulatory requirement.CSR and BRANDSBrands are basically the identification in which a companys product is identified by the consumer. The sales and revenue of the company are widely dependent on the cross off they give to their product.Here are s ome CSR traits that positively / negatively affect the denouncePositive merchandise/ Brand Building Times of India (kalingatimes.com)Brand insurance NIKE (Corporate Social Responsibility, 2003)Crisis management- Pepsi (wikipedia.org)CSR and GlobalizationAs companies expend through globularization, many challenges subscribe waited for them from Government regulations to the varying standards of what is deemed to be labor exploitation, these challenges take a leak the potential to live companies millions of dollars. Some companies are of the view that these policies are merely a cost hindrance, while other companies use CSR tactical manoeuvre as a strategy to gain public support for the autoriage in the global market.CSR and Human resourcesA CSR program can be an aid to hire and retain staff particularly within the competitive graduate student market. Potential recruits often inquire about a firms CSR constitution, and having a all-encompassing policy can give an advanta ge. CSR can also add value in the perception of a company among its staff, particularly when staff can become involved through fundraising activities or community volunteering. Also CSR can be driven by employees private values, in addition to the more(prenominal) obvious economic and governmental drivers.CSR and Risk ManagementManaging risk is a central part of many corporate strategies. No matter how hard a company tried and true their reputations which took decades to build up can be questioned in a matter of minutes through incidents such as corruption or environmental accidents. These can also draw unwanted attention from courts, governments and media. Building and promoting great CSR policies can sometimes offset the risks.CSR and Government PoliciesGovernment politics take up tremendously cause the regulation of businesses in several courses.First, government business policies insist that organizations operations shall bring no harm to hostel or the environment. Busine sses shall be friendly to society and vice versa, to ensure that businesses follow these policies, the government enacts laws to monitor both the conduct and operations of a business. In addition, to these laws violators also face punishment if they are not followed.Secondly, governments provide businesses with various grants and incentives provided that they comply with those government regulations and policies. Studies supply that a very high percentage of businesses own reported more benefits than expected from complying with the government policies.Finally, governments foil businesses in the interest of protecting stakeholders and shareholders. With the absence of proper business regulation societies can be misled, manipulated and exploited, at that placefore the government needs to be responsible and spoil businesses in order to provide a direct playing field where all business have the opportunity to operate and expand. Governmental policies have been designed and put in place to assist not only consumers both organizations as well, by protecting consumers from unfair business practices as well as protecting the organizations from public misconduct and interference.Criticisms and concernsCritics of CSR debates a number of concerns, these include CSRs descent to the fundamental nature of business and questionable motives for engaging in CSR, including concerns about hollowness and hypocrisy.ConclusionI believe that the above problems are not inherent flaws in CSR, but rather that they impart from both a disingenuous commitment to CSR on the part of many business managers as well as an uninformed public opinion on many CSR issues. It is important to expose and stop CSR abuses not so that the CSR movement could be turned back, but rather to protect the kind of CSR that genuinely promotes social advancement. Nobody would be opposed to business practices that benefit both individual firms and society at large. In an ideal world, competent managers w ould always conduct business in a matter that translates amentiferous relationships into real value for society. After all, the economy is not a self-serving machine it is a purposeful system for organizing eitherbodys interests in such a way that people can engage in mutually beneficial exchange. I agree with the notion espoused by CSR advocates that profits should not be the sole inducement in business decisions. Although the profit motive is the driving force for both firms and the macro economy, there is a point at which it degenerates into greed breeding microeconomic ethical dilemmas that, when can collectively threaten the economys health and ought to be curbed by a proper belief of social responsibility. CSR becomes little of an outside pressure and more of a genuine business principle. It is the responsibility of an informed public to be able to separate sourceable CSR from harmful CSR. All too often, people support counter-productive initiatives out of romanticized v iews of social justice, environmentalism, or nationalism, not realizing that ideas are not as appealing in the real market as they may appear in the public imagination. It seems to me that a root cause of CSR abuses is a conflict of interests between firms three main stakeholders shareholders, employees, and management. For individual managers, the best course of action may be to engage in as much CSR as possible. Managers who receive positive press for their leadership initiatives become eminent in their fields, and therefore more valuable. For this reason, managers have an intense focus on expanding companies and investing in high profile projects that earn them the publics attention, and may get along uninformed decisions in the process. This differs substantially from the interests of shareholders. A shareholder is un elicit with a managers usuality but very interested with the return that themanager is able to deliver on the shareholders investment. Unless a corporation canj ustify CSR practices in very clear terms, i.e. revenue and cost, shareholders provide beunhappy with the result. Likewise, workers in a company benefit greatly from responsible CSR policies. Companies that deal honestly will build trust within their workforce. Managers that earn obscene salaries while simultaneously throwing millions of dollars into charitable causes and announcing layoff plans can only blame themselves when workers become more dissatisfied and less productive, or when the public places less faith in their product (consider the slow death of the American auto industry). Like shareholders, employees are unwilling to support light-minded practices that jeopardize the companys financial strength they are most concerned about their long-term employment security, an interest that managers should take into account as well.Influence of Price on Decision Making ResearchInfluence of Price on Decision Making ResearchNowadays, many businesses have launched in the market. But its not easy to make appreciate for every people. Maybe, that is a reason of the customer decision. While, the student is part of purchasing power that the dispenser directed. Consumer behavior is the deal of how individuals make decision to spend their available resources on consumption- related to item(SchiffmanKanuk, 1997). In University the product is important for the student. While, the product not cover all student because maybe the teenager acquire the product follow the life style that their love. So, the product have more effected to decision purchasing with the student in teen ages. Specially, the inappropriate brand is trust brand that have support purchasing power by the customer.In Global setting, every product have evaluated and developed all time for customer need that is heart of competition in a commercial sale. The most people have selected the product follow several factor. So, the companies will be improving your products. Otherwise, the customers that ha ve purchasing power can be change to other royalty brand. The better they understand the factors key consumer behaviour (Assael, 1998). The better able they are developing effective marketing strategies to tack together consumer needs.In National setting, the several factor to make a procure. Its reason to consider for trader to select product that sales and support. The several factor have effect to making a purchase (Scheinberg, 1992) such as marketing strategies, sex, ages, occupation, prices and also the product severalize have a reputation values. The last factor is important to study that why the brand name have effected to customer decision.Locally, the product names have a reputation values is the trust brand. The product that sale for student in business bachelor administration for Rajamangala University of applied science Thanyaburi will be in trends to response their customer in this age. This study concern with the behaviour in making a purchase that Brand is what consumers purchase and product is what consumers use this shows that branding is very important.The brand name is the trust brands that have effected to make a purchase. Present, student cant said that dont love their brand name and specially, the abroad brand is part factor to making a purchase. Even though, the trust brand has copyright infringement but the student will demoralize for owner that products. May be, the lower prices and closer style of real band are instead in using. Follow the plaza, student would like to view every week and someone choose to owner. While, the real trust band name from foreign in the Leading department stores have student only high purchasing power that only few percentage.All of behaviour from student in business bachelor administration for Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi is thing to study for know the reason why their choosing.Consumers make many buying decisions every day (Kotler Armstrong, 2001). Most large companys search co nsumer buying decisions in great detail to serve question about what consumers buy where they but, how and how much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy.1.2 Statement of the Problem contradictory brands are expensive for students.Quality of product imitates.The current physicalism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them.The nature of the customers.1.3 Research ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to meet the answers of the problemForeign brands are expensive for students.Quality of product imitates.The current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them.The disposition of the customers.The answer to the problem is as followTo bring out how the price of foreign brand products and imitations of them influence decision making.To find out how the quality of foreign brand products and imitations of them influence decision making.To find out how the soci al value of foreign brand products and imitations of them influence decision making.To find out the supplement temperament of foreign brand products and imitations of them influence decision making. .1.4 Scope of researchThe scope of this research is the population studying at Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi. This includes males and females aged 18-25 years old of 11 assorted faculties totalling approximately 24,053 people. (http//www.oreg.rmutt.ac.th/SKOStdCourse/2552/report%203-2.asp)The sample in this study was students from the faculty of Business Administration, University of Technology Rajamangala Thanyaburi. This faculty has seven branches including both men and women aged 19-25 years who make a purchases by themselves a total of 6,299 people.The variables examine mugwump variables are students gender, age, department of study and the year of study. Dependent variable is the strength toward buying foreign brand products (price, quality, brand names and val ue.)1.5 Limitations of the ResearchWe acquired this teaching by sending questionnaires to students at Rajamangala University of Technology Thunyaburi this includes both men and women. One of the limitations of this study is, if a sample of students does not send the questionnaire back to the researcher, or if they send it back incomplete. Another limitation is the amount of time we have is to send the check up on to the students, receive the tuition and calculate the received information.1.6 Significance of the studyThis research is a study of factors that influence behaviour of students (of business administration at Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi) when buying product imitated foreign brands. The findings of this study will help those interested in doing business foreign or interested in operating foreign brands companies by determining marketing strategies to suit the needs of target customers.1.7 Definition of TermsForeign brands are expensive for students. Th e students will receive the money from their parent. So, they dont have money to buy foreign brands product.Quality of product imitates. Continually, imitates products quality have very good quality compare to foreign brand products, so there is a excerpt for students who has limited their money and want to use same brand but good quality.The current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them. Following the student social in university, the students want to be in trend of fashion for idea from their friends.The personality of the customers. Some students, they dont have confident in themselves. So, the students will use the product from foreign brands to help them have more confident.CHAPTER IIReview of related literature and studies2.1 Definition and Features of the Independent covariantIn this chapter, discusses the title of research. Because this research is relevant to consumers students of business administra tion at Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi. So, need to know the meaning of consumer behaviour on buying for study factors affecting the decision of the students.Consumer behaviour is the study of how individuals make decision to spend their available resources on consumption-related item. It includes the study of what they buy, why they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it, and how often they use it (Schiffman Kanuk, 1997).The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target customers needs and want. The field of consumer behaviour studies how consumer select, buy, use, and dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires (Kotler, 2003).Marketers have come to realize that their effectiveness in meeting consumer needs directly influences their profitability. The better they understand the factors underlying consumer behaviour. The better able they are developing effective marketing strategies to meet consumer needs (Assael, 1998).Consumers make many buying decisions every day. Most large companys research consumer buying decisions in great detail to answer question about what consumers buy where they but, how and how much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy (KotlerArmstrong, 2001).Possibly the most challenging concept in marketing deals with understanding why buyers do what they do. But such knowledge is critical for marketers since having a strong understanding of buyer behaviour will on what is important to the consumer and also suggest the important influences on consumer decision-making. Using this information, marketers can create marketing programs that they believe will be of interest to consumers (Kanhasiri, 2006)In addition to this, also need to know meaning of the word imitate foreign brands. Imitate foreign brands means the product copy as products of a foreign brand. Popular products make copy are bags, watches, clothes, and shoes. The imitate foreign brands products th at we know and see often in everywhere are Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Nike, Christian Dior, Gucci and etc (Kanhasiri, 2006 ).2.2 Theories associate to the Independent Variable (s)2.2.1 Foreign brands are expensive for students.Prices, product differentiation and quality measurement a analogy between hedonic and matched model methods study by Gian Maria Tomat (2005) related contributions to Pakes, Berry and Levinsohn (1993) and Nevo (2003) consider the problem of making exact welfare comparisons on the basis of the estimated parameters of consumer preferences in a discrete choice model. This approach has been used in these works to study problems such as the effect on consumer welfare of changes in environmental regulation or of the penetration of a new brand of a product. Specifying the consumers choice problem in the space of product characteristics, simplifies the analysis in comparison with analogous problems studied on the grounds of traditional demand theory, as is done for exa mple in works by Hausman. However, the results of the prices, product differentiation and quality measurement a comparison between hedonic and matched model methods studies show that the approach can at most generate upper and lower bounds to the true price indexes and the information-based evidence shows that these bounds are usually quite wide.2.2.2 Quality of product imitates.From Quantity-Discount Dependent Consumer Preferences and Competitive Non-linear Pricing studied by Z. Jane Gu and Sha Yang (2009) they investigated the quantity-discount effect, a typeface of transaction utility consumers derived from the unit price difference between a small and a large package size of the same product in a non-linear pricing environment. Consumers may perceive quantity discounts as gains for purchasing larger package sizes with lower unit prices, or as losses for purchasing smaller package sizes with higher unit prices. In addition, consumers may differ in their tendencies to perceive quantity discounts as gains or losses.2.2.3 The current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them.Post-Materialism as a Cultural Factor Influencing Entrepreneurial Activity across Nations studied by Lorraine M. Uhlaner, Roy Thurik and Jan Hutjes(2002) the underlying premise of this research study is that the material gains that are central or crucial to entrepreneurial activity are of less value to post-materialist individuals. The Research by McGrath, MacMillan and Scheinberg (1992) shows that individual entrepreneurs from a wide variety of countries are more likely to have materialistic values such as cover success as making lots of money, than their non-entrepreneur counterparts. However, they do not test for country differences. Blais and Toulouse (1998) made such comparisons and conclude that entrepreneurs across countries tend to have same motivations. In another studied of individual entrepreneurs Robichaud , McGraw and Roger (2001) find a positive correlation between extrinsic motivation of the entrepreneur and sales performance whereas they find negative relationships between the independent variables, intrinsic motivation and autonomy and independence on the one hand and the dependent variable, sales performance, on the other. These findings are elicit because at the micro-level they correspond to the thesis that entrepreneurs, especially successful ones, are more materialistic than their counterparts. Lacking comparable research at the macro level of analysis, we can only draw on these studies for our hypotheses. In particular, assuming that trends from the micro level can be aggregated to the societal level, we predict that the relationship between post-materialism and entrepreneurship is also negative, i.e., the less materialistic the culture, the fewer people choose to become self-employed. The central hypothesis of the present paper then reads The more post-materialistic the c ulture, the lower the overall level of entrepreneurship.2.2.4 The personality of the customers.Consumer Assessment of Social Product Features An Empirical Investigation Using Choice Experiments by Pat Auger, Timothy M. Devinney and Jordan J. Louviere studied the growing importance of this content can be seen in the current movement toward social accountability audits (Economist 1999), and the increasing amounts of money that corporations spend to fix systems under pressure from increasingly advanced(a) interest groups. Their research is relevant to this issue because it shows that although consumers do not understand the ethical dimensions of the products they purchase, their purchases can be influenced by these dimensions if properly presented. From a managerial perspective, more work needs to be done on educating consumers to the hidden ethical nature of the products they purchase. Corporations also need to understand which customers grapple about ethical dimensions and what di mensions they care about. However, our results also suggest that consumers wont sacrifice product performance for ethical considerations in spite of what activists might hope.2.3 Critical Analysis/Discussion of the Theories Related to the Independent VariableMotivation supposition2.3.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow,1908-1970)Abraham Maslow was a psychologist. He developed a theory called the Hierarchy of Needs. This hierarchy referred to the various needs that he believed characterised humans. He identified five main human needs. These are Physiological needsThese include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need water, air, food and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become lower-ranking until these physiological needs are met. Security NeedsThese include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighborhoods and shelter from the environment. Social NeedsThese include needs for belonging, love and affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments and families help fulfill this need for company and acceptance, as involvement in social, community or religious groups. Esteem NeedsAfter the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment. Self-actualizing NeedsThis is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of needs.Self-actualizingpeople are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others and interested fulfilling their potential. designing 1 Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow su ggested that the first need dominates a persons behavior until it is satisfied, and then the second, and so on. A scholarly person would not be interested in learning, need 5, until needs 3 or 4 belonging and being esteemed by others had been satisfied. Nor indeed, would they be interested in learning until they were warm, and replete.A light, airy, warm, comfortable safe learning environment, adequate comfort breaks and realistic timings can help to facilitate these conditions. An awareness of, and proactive approach to, group dynamics will also help to satisfy (or at least not de-satisfy) some of the affiliation and esteem needs. (Abraham Maslow, 1908-1970)(Sourcehttp//www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/Maslows_Needs_Hierarchy.html)2.3.2 Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory (Clayton Alderfer, 1969)An attempt to alter Maslows needs theory was put forward by psychologist Clayton Alderfer with his ERG theory. Both theories see needs as the motivating force behind behaviour. People are actu ate to do things by different needs, of which Alderfer identified three Existence NeedsInclude all material and physiological desires (e.g., food, water, air, clothing, safety, physical love and affection) Maslows first both levels. Relatedness NeedsEncompass social and external esteem relationships with significant others like family, friends, co-workers and employers. This also means to be recognized and feel secure as part of a group or family. Maslows third and fourth levels. Growth NeedsInternal esteem and self actualization these impel a person to make creative or productive effects on himself and the environment (e.g., to progress toward ones ideal self). Maslows fourth and fifth levels. This includes desires to be creative and productive, and to complete meaningful tasks.Figure 2 Clayton Alderfers ERG TheoryAlderfer argued that it was possible to move in either direction. This means that, if growth needs become difficult or impossible to meet, frustration reverting occurs, causing individuals to concentrate on fulfilling their relatedness and their existence needs. Unsatisfied needs, therefore, become less rather than more important. Maslow proposed the opposite.In this study the researchers used two theories are Maslows Theory (Maslows hierarchy of needs) and Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory are main formulated in this study (Clayton Alderfer, 1969).(Source http//www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/ERG_Theory.html)2.4 Discussion of the Dependent VariableThe price of products have effected to making decision. In addition, Arthur Rafael (2002) shew When the new product launches and better quality also this product will be compared to increase price.While, Aart Jaume (2000) said that When the products have high demand so the products prices that will be increase on demand also Ray (2002) form Business will find the ways to avoid the problem to improve the popular product and harder to imitate for decrease their risk as a result Amine, Taimur Joseph (200 7) back up Vendors will be developing price products to get the popularity may be the consumers using pirated goods in fact Gian (2006) said that The price is appropriate adjustments so the product will be popular Increasing then Xavier Giround (2008) put in The quality prices will be changed follow the quality products in the past Laszlo Miklos (2004) stated The import product price will be rise follow depend on the technology and competitive environment of the buyer. On the other hand, Joanna (2006) appoint The analysis of price convergence to the consumer market is examined on aggregate and disaggregates levels although Peter, Judith indigo (2002) stated The decision purchase of consumer will depend on price by the lower price also the purchasing power that so rise.Finally, Emek (2005) supported The quantity the price of a low-cost have more effected to consumer decision. The quality of product imitates have effected to making decision when, Wong Zhou (2005) found perceiv ed value has a greater effect on purchase intention for conspicuous foreign products While, Heflin, Shaw Wild found The liquidity of equity markets depends on quality information and Faruq (2006) found RD activities and FDI inflows are important determinants of quality then Sharma found The brand must be relevant to a latent need of the consumer but Jin Leslie (2002) found Providing people with better information causes people to change their purchase decisions and causes rms to modify their behaviour while Orosel Zauner (2003) found goods quality is unobservable to buyers, a continuum of quality levels is technologically feasible, and minimum quality is supplied under competitive conditions although Koppius Heck(2002) found Electronic auctions have rapidly increased in popularity, but the consequences of switching to an electronic auction are unclear Moreover Borin Lamieri (2008) found empirical studies over clear evidence on the increasing importance of intra-industry trade in presence of vertically deferential products however Matsa (2009) found Product quality is an important element of competition in a wide range of markets, including the supermarket industry in addition Bertini, Wathieu Iyengar (2010) found parsimony and simplicity in consumption is necessarily advantageous across all categories of businessThe current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them have effected to making decision then, Mehrotra (1919) found collect various technical information about managing your tax affairs and mergers and acquisitions, tax law and the special rights or intellectual property rights and the idea of the American company. Each other based on principles of law and political economy of the country. while Closius (1995) said that the termination of the movement of certain groups of people in America with a change to the political policy of national unification and the creation of justice to occur and create social awareness to the public more than ever Moreover Kyvelidis (2001) stated that Measure currents in the Black Socialist materialism may be obtained from the GDP of each country, which evaluates the value per head was increased from the current popularity with the increasing materialism.After that Anderson (2001) has found that atonement in materialism is one of the psychological problems that make people in society are trying to do everything to get it occupied, such as car, house and fashion. And Boven (2005) study that most people want to live well and happily in every person and found that materialism, such as the car stem fashion is important to create happiness for them very good.However, Uhlaner, Thurik, Hutjes (2002) supports that found that entrepreneurs across countries tend to find a way to trade against the competition in trade and create stability for themselves as to dominate the growing market and found that many of the ethnical factors and mate rialism of the people affected. In addition Fuchs said that the theories of cultural objects are important factors correlated with the values of people in society.Therefore Sarkar(1996) found the role of men is to purchase goods and Research indicates that attitudes in the possession of materialism rather than value of the object with the purchase of such products used in life Which led to satisfaction and success of many people. As a result of Kroh (2008) discovered that the role of the purchases is likely to change the price level and economic security but Boven, Campbell Gilovich(2005) the study found that current flow in the materialism in society more selfish, selfish private interests over public.The personality of the customers have effected to making decision when, Devinney Louviere (1986) study that of interpersonal psychology, ethics and personality have been shown correlated with the number of complex social problems. While Rajagopol (1986) found that of the model to me asure the performance of brands and attitudes, including personalities, throw, reputation and trust. But Balaji a Raghavan (1970) discovered that Cultures and different image for the product of themes related to technology and brand reputation. Therefore Pandey (1968) found that Experiment designed to examine the role and relevance of the personality of the person. Found that the advertising or communication program plays an important role in the perception of brand personality although Bartholomew Horowitz (1994) study that Changes in market and competition has reduced the cost of marketing and new product introductions, including the risk of failure of the product. Thus Sharma (1997) supports that we also found that consumer ratings of management performance in the context of consumer retail low but Zhenzhong Ma (1970) found that Aims to create understanding about the local brand can survive. In fact Mckenzie Woodruff (1964) study that present the basic concepts for exploring the relationship between personality and patterns of conflict behavior and business negotiations. Then Koufopoulos (1999) stated that Product innovation. Personality and affect a very important opportunity to entrepreneurs to innovate. Finally, Kanhasiri (1990) found that Products and measure the relationship between the feature comparison in the future. Quantitative methods of analysis and means of collecting data, frequency analysis of research and planning data in line charts and bar graphs and suggestions for future research will take effect to competitors with better customer loyalty.2.5 Relationship of the Independent Variable (s) to the Dependent VariableArthur Rafael (2002) found When the new product launches and better quality also this product will be compared to increase price. Although many business office products are brand name copyright infringement very seriously and prohibit all research and product development at the time out to study consumer satisfaction, with the updates of new products out of the market demand. But still have other business products illegally copied out widely. Consumers like the products that they are cheaper and look like the real. While, Aart Jaume (2000) said that When the products have high demand so the products prices that will be increase on demand Cheap is increasing on demand. Many consumers decided to buy imitation products backpack instead of the genuine product is expensive. Also Ray (2002) found Business will find the ways to avoid the problem to improve the popular product and harder to imitate for decrease their riskThe quality of product imitates have effected to making decision when, Wong Zhou (2005) found perceived value has a greater effect on purchase intention for conspicuous foreign products and Faruq (2006) found RD activities and FDI inflows are important determinants of quality The Company that manufacture high quality products to the market are disclosed information to consumers less known b ecause those are important to the company and the liquidity of the market. The company has disclosed only basic information only. Countries are exporters of quality differences. This is the result of differences in factors such as endowment, technology, research and development (RD). While, Heflin, Shaw Wild found The liquidity of equity markets depends on quality informationThe current materialism of society makes students feel like they have to buy foreign brand products or imitations of them have effected to making decision then, Anderson (2001) has found that satisfaction in materialism is one of the psychological problems that make people in society are trying to do everything to get it occupied, such as car, house and fashion. And Boven (2005) study that most people want to live well and happily in every person and found that materialism, such as the car home fashion is important to create happiness for them very good. The materialism is satisfied from the hearts of individual values resulting psychological advantage over the other now, value of the crop cover materialism has resulted in increasing attitude of buying commercial end epicurean and often not satisfied with the truthful life and different people require a comfortable life. Although materialism has a negative effect, but many people will want to own it like a big house, luxury cars, expensive clothes , beautiful furniture and other. Because human needs are infinite, they seek what they want to come and have a genuine product if the price is too high, making them purchases commercial grade copy. Although it is copied, it can substitute the same name that looks realistic and cheaper it is one reason consumers purchase decision without regard to copyright infringement laws.The personality of the customers have effected to making decision when Devinney Louviere (1986) study that of interpersonal psychology, ethics and personality have been shown correlated with the number of complex social prob lems. While Rajagopol(1986) found that of the model to measure the performance of brands and attitudes, including personalities, image, reputation and trust. But Balaji a Raghavan (1970) discovered that Cultures and different image for the product of themes related to technology and brand reputation. Therefore Pandey (1968) found that Experiment designed to examine the role and relevance of the personality of the person. Found that the advertisement or communication program plays an important role in the perception of brand personality The cultural and social including kick similar picture with Bush. This is sometimes the product to the personality of our products or we like it because it is often too expensive brand, so many people chose to be turned to imitate instead of the actual product.2.6 front StudiesThere are 4 standards section Introduction backgroundThe brand name is the trust brand that have effected to making a purchase from student at RMUTT. Now, the student say love brand name. According to Schiffman Kanuk (1997) Consumer behaviour is the study of how individuals make decision to spend and choose this things. When, notice the students that show their use accessories brand name. This is normal happen now but its not fair in their suppliers that think and make it for sale. While, the real trust band name from overseas in the Leading department stores have student only high purchasing power that only few percentage. Behaviour from student in business bachelor administration for Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi is thing to study for know the reason why their choosing. MethodsThe methods to study behavior of student at RMUTT such as notice, questionnaires, and bring the theory that related to concerning study with case study. ResultNow days, Counterfeiting is so much. In a view of supplier, the so called product piracy can be only roughly outlined. The Experts and everyone, who well know that product piracy trade mark rights in a com mercial as trust global brands have effect to Counterfeiting and Criminal way. Such as the actions of someone that who only thing for make a benefit to yourself as The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target customers needs (Kotler, 2003). While, who would like to be owner of the trust brands product. That all said that

Theorems Related To Mersenne Primes Mathematics Essay

Theorems Related To Mersenne Primes Mathematics EssayIntroductionIn the old many use to consider that the figure of speechs of the type 2p-1 were primordial for all rosinesss government issues which is p, but when Hudalricus Regius (1536) clearly established that 211-1 = 2047 was not blossom because it was divisible by 23 and 83 and later on Pietro Cataldi (1603) had meetly confirmed well-nigh 217-1 and 219-1 as both give primal come pool but also inaccurately declared that 2p-1 for 23, 29, 31 and 37 gave prime numbers. Then Fermat (1640) kindled Cataldi was wrong about 23 and 37 and Euler (1738) showed Cataldi was also incorrect regarding 29 but do an accurate conjecture about 31.Then after this extensive history of this dilemma with no accurate result we saw the entry of Martin Mersenne who declared in the introduction of his Cogitata Physica-Mathematica (1644) that the numbers 2p-1 were prime for-p= 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 67, 127 and 257 and forother confirming integers where p So simply the definition is when 2p-1 forms a prime number it is recognized to be a Mersenne prime.Many years later with new numbers being find belonging to Mersenne Primes thither are still many fundamental questions about Mersenne primes which remain unresolved. It is still not identified whether Mersenne primes is infinite or finite. There are still many aspects, functions it performs and applications of Mersenne primes that are still unfamiliarWith this concept in mind the focus of my extended turn out would beWhat are Mersenne Primes and it tie in functions?The reason I choose this topic was because while researching on my extended essay topics and I came across this part which from the beginning intrigued me and it gave me the opportunity to fill this gap as very little was taught about these aspects in our school and at the corresponding time my enthusiasm to learn something new through research on this topic.Through this paper I will explain what are Mer senne primes and certain theorems, related to other aspects and its application that are related with it.Theorems Related to Mersenne Primesp is prime only if 2p1 is prime. conclusion If p is composite hence it back tooth be written as p=x*y with x, y 1.2xy-1= (2x-1)*(1+2x+22x+23x+..+2(b-1)a)Thus we have got 2xy 1 as a product of integers 1.If n is an unrivalled prime, then any prime m that divides 2n 1 must be 1 plus a multiple of 2n. This holds even when 2n 1 is prime.Examples Example I 25 1 = 31 is prime, and 31 is multiple of (2-5) +1Example II 211 1 = 23-89, where 23 = 1 + 2-11, and 89 = 1 + 8-11.Proof If m divides 2n 1 then 2n 1 (mod m). By Fermats Theorem we know that 2(m 1) 1 (mod m). Assume n and m 1 are comparatively prime which is similar to Fermats Theorem that states that (m 1)(n 1) 1 (mod n). Hence on that point is a number x (m 1)(n 2) for which (m 1)x 1 (mod n), and thus a number k for which (m 1)x 1 = kn. Since 2(m 1) 1 (mod m), raising b oth sides of the congruence to the power x gives 2(m 1)x 1, and since 2n 1 (mod m), raising both sides of the congruence to the power k gives 2kn 1. Thus 2(m 1)x/2kn = 2(m 1)x kn 1 (mod m). alone by meaning, (m 1)x kn = 1 which implies that 21 1 (mod m) which means that m divides 1. Thus the graduation conjecture that n and m 1 are relatively prime is unsustainable. Since n is prime m 1 have to be a multiple of n.Note This information provides a confirmation of the infinitude of primes different from Euclids Theorem which states that if there were finitely many primes, with n being the largest, we have a contradiction because every prime dividing 2n 1 must be larger than n.If n is an odd prime, then any prime m that divides 2n 1 must be congruent to +/-1 (mod 8).Proof 2n + 1 = 2(mod m), so 2(n + 1) / 2 is a square showtime of 2 modulo m. By quadratic reciprocity, any prime modulo which 2 has a square root is congruent to +/-1 (mod 8).A Mersenne prime cannot be a Wi eferich prime.Proof We show if p = 2m 1 is a Mersenne prime, then the congruence does not satisfy. By Fermats Little theorem, m p 1. instantaneously write, p 1 = m. If the given congruence satisfies, then p2 2m 1, therefore Hence 2m 1 , and therefore .This leads to , which is impossible since .The Lucas-Lehmer TestMersenne prime are found using the pastime theoremFor n an odd prime, the Mersenne number 2n-1 is a prime if and only if 2n -1 divides S(p-1) where S(p+1) = S(p)2-2, and S(1) = 4.The assumption for this test was initiated by Lucas (1870) and then made into this straightforward experiment by Lehmer (1930). The progression S(n) is cipher modulo 2n-1 to conserve time. This test is thoroughgoing(a) for binary data processors since the division by 2n-1 (in binary) can only be completed using rotation and addition.Lists of Known Mersenne PrimesAfter the breakthrough of the first few Mersenne Primes it took more than two centuries with rigorous verification to obtai n 47 Mersenne primes. The following table below lists all recognized Mersenne primes-It is not well-known(a) whether any un platterovered Mersenne primes present between the 39th and the 47th from the above table the position is consequently temporary as these numbers werent always discovered in their increasing order.The following graph shows the number of digits of the largest known Mersenne primes year wise.Note The vertical scale is logarithmic.FactorizationThe factorization of a prime number is by meaning itself the prime number itself. Now if talk about composite numbers. Mersenne numbers are excellent investigation cases for the particular number scope sieve algorithm, so frequently that the largest figure they have factorized with this has been a Mersenne number. 21039 1 (2007) is the record-holder after estimating took with the help of a couple of hundred computers, mostly at NTT in Japan and at EPFL in Switzerland and yet the time period for calculation was about a year . The special number field sieve can factorize figures with more than one large factor. If a number has one huge factor then other algorithms can factorize larger figures by initially finding the answer of small factors and after that making a primality test on the cofactor. In 2008 the largest Mersenne number with confirmed prime factors is 217029 1 = 418879343 - p, where p was prime which was confirmed with ECPP. The largest with possible prime factors allowed is 2684127 1 = 23765203727 - q, where q is a likely prime.GeneralizationThe binary depiction of 2p 1 is the digit 1 repeated p times. A Mersenne prime is the base 2 repunit primes. The base 2 depiction of a Mersenne number demonstrates the factorization example for composite exponent.Examples in binary annotation of the Mersenne prime would be251 = 1111122351 = (111111111111111111111111111111)2Mersenne Primes and Perfect NumbersMany were anxious with the relationship of a two sets of different numbers as two how they can be interconnected. One such connection that many people are concerned still today is Mersenne primes and Perfect Numbers.When a positive integer that is the sum of its proper positive divisors, that is, the sum of the positive divisors excluding the number itself then is it said to be known as Perfect Numbers.Equivalently, a perfect number is a number that is half the sum of all of its positive divisors. There are said to be two types of perfect numbers1) tied(p) perfect numbers- Euclid revealed that the first four perfect numbers are generated by the formula 2n1(2n1)n = 2 2(4 1) = 6n = 3 4(8 1) = 28n = 5 16(32 1) = 496n = 7 64(128 1) = 8128.Noticing that 2n1 is a prime number in each instance, Euclid proved that the formula 2n1(2n1) gives an even perfect number whenever 2p1 is prime2) Odd perfect numbers- It is unidentified if there might be any odd perfect numbers. Various results have been obtained, but none that has helped to turn up one or otherwise resolve the quest ion of their existence.An example would be the first perfect number that is 6. The reason for this is so since 1, 2, and 3 are its proper positive divisors, and 1+2+3=6. Equivalently, the number 6 is equal to half the sum of all its positive divisors (1+2+3+6)/2=6. hardly a(prenominal) Theorems related with Perfect numbers and Mersenne primesTheorem One z is an even perfect number if and only if it has the form 2n-1(2n-1) and 2n-1 is a prime.Suppose first that p = 2n-1 is a prime number, and set l = 2n-1(2n-1). To show l is perfect we affect only show sigma(l) = 2l. Since sigma is multiplicative and sigma(p) = p+1 = 2n, we knowsigma(n) = sigma(2n-1).sigma(p) =(2n-1)2n = 2l.This shows that l is a perfect number.On the other hand, suppose l is any even perfect number and write l as 2n-1m where m is an odd integer and n2. Again sigma is multiplicative sosigma(2n-1m) = sigma(2n-1).sigma(m) = (2n-1).sigma(m).Since l is perfect we also know thatsigma(l) = 2l = 2nm.Together these two crit eria give2nm = (2n-1).sigma(m),so 2n-1 divides 2nm hence 2n-1 divides m, say m = (2n-1)M. Now substitute this back into the equation above and divide by 2n-1 to get 2nM = sigma(m). Since m and M are both divisors of m we know that2nM = sigma(m) m + M = 2nM,so sigma(m) = m + M. This means that m is prime and its only two divisors are itself (m) and one (M). Thus m = 2n-1 is a prime and we have prove that the number l has the prescribed form.Theorem Two n will also be a prime if 2n-1 is a prime.Proof Let r and s be positive integers, then the polynomial xrs-1 is xs-1 times xs(r-1) + xs(r-2) + + xs + 1. So if n is composite (say r.s with 1Theorem Three Let n and m be primes. If q divides Mn = 2n-1, then q = +/-1 (mod 8) andq = 2kn + 1 for some integer k.Proof If p divides Mq, then 2q=1 (mod p) and the order of 2 (mod p) divides the prime q, so it must be q. By Fermats Little Theorem the order of 2 also divides p-1, so p-1=2kq. This gives 2(p-1)/2 = 2qk = 1 (mod p) so 2 is a quadratic residue mod p and it follows p = +/-1 (mod 8), which completes the proof.Theorem Four If p = 3 (mod 4) be prime and then 2p+1 is also prime only if 2p+1 divides 2p-1.Proof Suppose q = 2p+1 is prime. q=7 (mod8) so 2 is a quadratic residue modulo q and it follows that there is an integer n such that n2=2 (modq). This shows2p = 2(q-1)/2 = nq-1 = 1 (mod q),showing q divides Mp. Conversely, let 2p+1 be a factor of Mp. Suppose, for proof by contradiction, that 2p+1 is composite and let q be its least prime factor. Then 2p=1 (modq) and the order of 2 modulo q divides both p and q-1, hence p divides q-1. This shows qp and it follows(2p+1) + 1 q2 p2which is a contradiction since p 2.Theorem Five When we add the digits of any even perfect number with the exception of 6 and then sum the digits of the resulting number and keep doing it again until we get a single digit which will be one.Examples.28 10 1,496 19 10 1, and8128 19 10 1Proof Let s(n) be the sum of the digits of n. It is e asy to see that s(n) = n (mod 9). So to prove the theorem, we need only show that perfect numbers are congruent to one modulo nine. If n is a perfect number, then n has the form 2p-1(2p-1) where p is prime which see in the above theorem one. So p is either 2, 3, or is congruent to 1 or 5 modulo 6. Note that we have excluded the case p=2 (n=6). Finally, modulo nine, the powers of 2 repeat with period 6 (that is, 26 = 1 (mod 9)), so modulo nine n is congruent to one of the three numbers 21-1(21-1), 23-1(23-1), or 25-1(25-1), which are all 1 (mod 9).Conjectures and Unsolved ProblemsDoes an odd perfect number exist?We have so far known that even perfect numbers are 2n-1(2n-1)from the Theorem One above, but what about odd perfect numbers? If there is an odd perfect number, then it has to follow certain conditions-To be a perfect square times an odd power of a single primeIt is divisible by at least eight primes and has to have at least 75 prime factors with at least 9 distinctIt has at l east 300 decimal digits and it has a prime divisor great that 1020. be there infinite numbers of Mersenne primes?The answer is probably yes because of the harmonic sequence deviation.The New Mersenne ConjectureP. T. Bateman, J. L. Selfridge and Wagstaff, Jr., S. S., have conjectured the following-Let n be any odd natural number. If two of the following statements hold, subsequently so does the thirdn = 2p+/-1 or n = 4p+/-32n-1 is a prime(2n+1)/3 is a prime.Are all Mersenne number 2n-1 square free?This is kind of like an open question to which the answer is still not known and hence it cannot be called a conjecture. It is simple to illustrate that if the square of a prime n divides a Mersenne, then p is a Wieferich prime which are uncommon just two are acknowledged lower than 4,000,000,000,000 and none of these squared divide a Mersenne. If C0 = 2, then let C1 = 2C0-1, C2 = 2C1-1, C3 = 2C2-1 then are all of these prime numbers?Dickson Catalan (1876) responded to Lucas stating 2127- 1 (which is C4) being a prime with this sequenceC0 = 2 (which is a prime)C1 = 3 (which is a prime)C2 = 7 (which is a prime)C3 = 127 (which is a prime)C4 = 170141183460469231731687303715884105727 (which is a prime)C5 1051217599719369681875006054625051616349 (is C5 a prime or not?)It looks as if it will not be very likely that C5 or further larger terms would be prime number. If there is a single composite term in this series, then by theorem one each and every one of the following terms would be composite.Are there more double-Mersenne primes?Another general misunderstanding was that if n=Mp is prime, then so is MnLets assume this number Mn to be MMp which would be a double-Mersenne.As we apply this to the first four such numbers we get prime numbersMM2 = 2(4-1) -1= 23-1 =7MM3 =2(8-1)-1 =127MM5 =2(32-1)-1=2147483647,MM7 =2(128-1)-1 =170141183460469231731687303715884105727.Application of Mersenne PrimeIn computer science, unspecified p-bit integers can be utilized to express numbers up to Mp.In the numeric problem Tower of Hanoi is where the Mersenne primes are used. It is a mathematical puzzle consisting of three rods, and a number of disks of different sizes, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle begins with the disks in ascending order of size on the first rod, the largest at the bottom to the smallest at the top. A diagram given below illustrates the Tower of Hanoi.The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following rulesOnly one disk may be moved at a time.Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the rods and slew it onto another rod, on top of the other disks that may already be present on that rod.No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.Now to solve this game with a p-disc tower needs the minimum of Mp no of steps, where p is the no of disc used in the Tower of Hanoi and if we use the formula of Mersenne then we get the required result.An example of this would be if there were 5 discs i nvolved in this Tower of Hanoi then the least number of steps required to finish this game would be 31 steps minimum.ConclusionAfter canvas the entire aspects, functions, and few applications of Mersenne Primes I believe that there is still many unsolved theories when it comes to Mersenne primes. These primes are also useful to investigates much further and deeper into the number ashes and help us to understand more sets of numbers such as Fermat prime, Wieferich prime, Wagstaff prime, Solinas prime etc.

CHF3 Decomposition by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor

CHF3 Decomposition by Dielectric Barrier acquit ReactorDecomposition of CHF3 by a Dielectric Barrier relieve ReactorDuc Ba Nguyen and Won Gyu Lee*AbstractOxidation of CHF3 was investigated in a dielectric barrier write down reactor was immersed in an electrical insulating oil. The regimen gases was mixed of CHF3, O2 and N2 with O2/N2 ratio of 21/79 bulk/volume. The results obtained that 98.98% of CHF3 in the eat on gases were destruction beneath utilise potency of 7kV, oftenness of 30 kHz wide-cut return rate of ascorbic acid ml/ instant with sign CHF3 parsimony of 5%. Herein, selectivity of CO and carbon copyic acid gas in the products was 3.42% and 91.18%, respectively. Decomposition of CHF3 could be change magnitude by alter plasma condition such(prenominal) as increase apply voltage, increased oftenness and fall initial CHF3 concentration in the feed gases.Keywords CHF3, dielectric barrier flicker, electrical insulating oil, plasma reaction, oxidation of CH F3IntroductionDecomposition of trifluoromethane (CHF3) is high potential reduce greenhouse gases. Because the 100 years global change potential of CHF3 is 12000 1. Several methods have been employed for the decomposition of CHF3 such as thermal process 2-4, particle accelerator 5, 6 plasma or combined plasma with catalyst (CPC) 7-11.Thermal oxidation is one of effective CHF3 decomposition 12. However, HF acid and formation fluorinated compounds existed in the exhaust gas stream along with high consummation temperature (1473 K) 2. It mean that the process is high cost, require material reactor and concern environmental. Thus, other process are required for treatment of exhaust gas such as absorbed acids, cooling process and decomposition of fluorinated compounds before ambient atmospheric emission 2, 11. Catalyst methods could be reduced operation temperatures in the recess of CHF3. However, HF formation and also operation temperature above 500 0C lead to lessen effective of cat alyst 13-15. Several above challenges could be solved by plasma or CPC, including, non-thermal plasma (NTP) is attractive and effective decomposition of CHF3 16, 17. Decomposition of CHF3 in NTP is lead to interaction between of high energy electrons, radicals and gas molecules. Herein, NTP could be generated high energy electrons and radicals under high energy electrical. Therefore, decomposition of CHF3 could be performed at room temperature, ambient atmospheric jam, fast variety and easy recognition by plasma method. However, several researchers have been reported the decomposition of CHF3 by catalyst or CPC with several thousand parts per million of CHF3 in the feed gases 18, 19. It demonstrated that process yields were low. Moreover, the emission source of CHF3 is semiconductor industries, air condition, polystyrene industries and commercial refrigeration. So that the gas desolate included CHF3 and air. Therefore, abatement of CHF3 in the gas waste is need before into atmos phere.In this study, decomposition of CHF3 with Zero Air (21% O2 and 79% N2) performed in a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge reactor under initial CHF3 concentration was not less than 5.0% (v/v). The reactor was immersed in an electrically insulating oil bathtub. Effect of several parts on the reaction investigated, namely, use voltage, applied relative frequency, initial CHF3 concentration in the feed gas. These factors were examined on the decomposition of CHF3 and product components.ExperimentalThe schematic of the experiment setup is shown in Fig. 1. A system is composed of four main parts a feed gas system, an AC high voltage pulse power supply, a plasma reactor, and an analysis system. The reactor has an versed stainless steel stick as the power electrode that is 15 mm in diameter. The power electrode was placed inside a vitreous silica tube as a dielectric barrier. Its outer diameter was 20 mm, and its thickness was 1.5 mm. Therefore, the discharge gap was fixed at 1.0 mm. Copper foil was wrapped around the quartz tube as the ground electrode, and its length was 200 mm. Thus, the discharge volume was about 10 ml. The plasma reactor was immersed in an electrically insulating oil bath (transformed oil provided by Michang Oil, KSC2301). The volume of electrical insulating oil bath was about 5000 ml.AC pulse power supply with 2 kW capacity was apply for plasma ignition, which had a supply voltage and a frequency up to 30 kV (peak-to-peak) and 30 kHz, respectively. The electrical power was controlled by manual readjustment of the applied voltage direct. The power waveforms were recorded by an oscilloscope (Tektronix 2012B). Fig. 2 showed a typical voltage, current, and discharge power waveforms generated under the process condition center flow rate of 100 ml/min with CHF3 in the feed of 5% (v/v), frequency of 30 kHz applied voltage of 7 kV. Discharge power was integral of current and voltage as shown in the equation belowDischarge power (P), (1)All of the experiments were performed at ambient atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The volume of gas products was measured by a soap-bubble flow meter. The composition of the gas products was analyzed by a gas chromatograph (GC, Younglin YL6100GC) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and a flame ionization detector (FID). A CarboxenTM 1010 PLOT capillary mainstay was used in the GC column and the flow rate of Ar as a carrier was 6.0 ml/min. The products of plasma reaction with mixing of CHF3, O2 and N2 included N2O, NO2, COF2, F2, CF4, CO, CO2, CHF3, O2, N2 and so on 19. However, the GC analysis could detect the reaction products including CO, CO2, and CHF3. According to the analysis of the products, the overall conversion, carbon chemical equilibrium and selectivity were defined as follows(2)(3)(4)(5)Results and discussionEffect of applied voltageAn applied voltage is important factor in the plasma process. Which is usually used to ignite and sustain gl ow discharge. Moreover, the degree of plasma reaction depend on the level of applied voltage, for example conversion of reactants and selectivity of products 19, 20. The effect of applied voltage on the reaction was investigated under applied voltage from 4 to 7 kV, total flow rate of 100 ml/min with CHF3 concentration of 5% in the feed gases frequency of 30 kHz. The results was shown as in common fig 3. At applied voltage of 4 kV, the conversion of CHF3 obtained at 0%, however, the conversion of CHF3 was increased sharply from 5 to 7 kV applied voltage in fig 3 (a). The results demonstrated that energy input at applied voltage of 4 kV into discharge zone was not enough for dissociation of gases molecules. It collectible to lack of electron and radical formation for plasma reaction. However, electron and radicals for plasma reaction could be formed when applied voltage above of 4 kV. In addition, bond-dissociation energy of F-CHF2 and H-CF3 were 539.9 and 445.2 kJ/mol-1 at 298 K, respectively 21. Discharge power increased sharply from 8 to 41 W, when applied voltage increased from 5 to 7 kV. It was caused of increase CHF3 conversion in these experiments. Consequently, concentration of CHF3 in the gas outlet was 0.054% at applied voltage of 7 kV as shown in fig 3(b).An applied voltage was also effect on the component of gas outlet. The concentration of CO2 were increased significantly by increasing applied voltage from 5 to 7 kV, while, the concentration of CO were changed slightly during those experiments as shown in fig 3(b). In fact that, more radical and molecules in the discharge zone could be formed under high discharge power such as F, H, CF3, CF2, COF2, COF, CO, CO2, F2 and so on 19. Therefore, conversion of reactants and products formation increased. Moreover, the selectivity of CO2 increased from 40% to 89% when applied voltage from 5 to 6 kV. Consequently, it increased slightly at applied voltage of 7 kV as shown in fig 3 (c). On the contract, the selectivity of CO reduced slightly from 5 to 6 kV and then it decreased gradually at applied voltage of 7 kV. The results cod to increasing radical oxygen formation in the discharge zone when applied voltage increased from 5 to 7 kV. Carbon balance decreased slightly, when applied voltage increased from 6 to 7 kV. It mean that total selectivity of CO and CO2 decreased. In fig 3 (c) shown that decreased selectivity of CO caused of reducing carbon balance. As the results, the maximum conversion of CHF3 obtained at 98.98% under applied voltage of 7 kV, frequency of 30 kHz, total flow rate of 100 ml/min and CHF3 concentration in the feed gases of 5%. Herein, the selectivity of CO2 and CO 91.18% and 3.42% in the product, respectively.Effect of initial CHF3 concentrationConversion of reactants could be improved by reducing initial amount of reactants in the feed. However, it caused of decreasing yield processing. Effect of initial CHF3 concentration on the reactions were investigated und er applied voltage of 7 kV, frequency of 30 kHz and total flow rate of 100 ml/min. The results was shown in fig 4. The conversion of CHF3 decreased slightly from 98.98% to 95.94% when initial CHF3 concentration in the feed increased from 5% to 15%. It was as shown in fig 4 (a). The results demonstrated that conversion rate of CHF3 depended slightly on the diverge of initial CHF3 concentration. It was collectable to increased amount of CHF3 molecules in the discharge zone together with decreasing power discharge when initial CHF3 concentration increased as shown in fig 4 (a). Because of total flow rate constant, if CHF3 molecules increased then Nitrogen and oxygen molecules decreased. Moreover, bond-dissociation energy of O-O was 498.36 kJ/mol-1 at 298K. It is low than bond-dissociation energy of F-CHF2 (539.9 kJ/mol-1) that higher than that of H-CF3 (445.2 kJ/mol-1) at 298 K 21. At initial CHF3 concentration of 15%, the ratio of CHF3/O2 in the feed was 1/1.19. Several reason abov e due to conversion of CHF3 depended slightly in the range of initial CHF3.Initial concentration of CHF3 was effective on the concentration of CO2 in the products. However, it did not significantly on the concentration of CO and CHF3 in the products as shown in fig 4 (b). In the detail, concentration of CO2 increased from 4.79% to 14.20% when initial CHF3 concentration increased from 5% to 15%. On the other hand, concentration of CO were increased from 0.18% to 0.38%, while, increasing CHF3 concentration remain from 0.05% to 0.69%, respectively. In fig 4 (c) presented that the selectivity of CO and CO2 were decreased slightly by increasing initial CHF3 concentration in the feed gases. They caused of decreasing carbon balance during increasing initial CHF3 concentration in the feed. As the results, reactant conversion and products selectivity were depending slightly on the initial CHF3 concentration from 5% to 15% in these experiments.Effect of frequencyFrequency of applied power is important factor along with voltage. Because they effected on the discharge power (equation 1) and applied power waveform. The effect of frequency on the reaction were investigated under condition of 7 kV applied voltage and 100 ml/min total flow rate with 5% CHF3 concentration in the feed. The results was shown in fig 5. It showed that the conversion of CHF3 increased significantly from 10 to 20 kHz then it increased slightly at frequency of 30 kHz. While, discharge power increased gradually when frequency increased from 10 to 30 kHz as shown in fig 5(a). One of reason increased CHF3 conversion was increased discharge power when applied frequency increased from 10 to 30 kHz.Applied frequency also effect on the component of products. It was shown in fig 5 (b). Concentration of CO2 increased significantly from 2.89% to 4.79%, while, concentration of CO decreased from 0.36% to 0.18% when applied frequency increased from 10 to 30 kHz. Although, decreased CO concentration rate is in tw o ways when applied frequency from 10 to 30 kHz but it was small compared with concentration of CO2 in the products. As the same trend of concentration in products, the selectivity of CO2 increased, while, the selectivity of CO decreased when increased applied frequency as shown in fig 5 (c). The results presented that trend of CO2 and CO selectivity were opposed. It was caused of carbon balance did not change significantly from 10 to 20 kHz. However, carbon balance were increased when applied frequency increased from 20 to 30 kHz. It could be explained by that the selectivity of CO2 increased was more than reducing of CO selectivity at frequency of 30 kHz. Therefore, total molecules of CO and CO2 were increased when increased applied frequency from 20 to 30 kHz. In addition, carbon balance depending on total molecules of CO and CO2 (Equation 3). Consequently, increasing of applied frequency was not only increasing CHF3 conversion and CO2 selectivity but also reduced the selectivity of CO.ConclusionDestruction of CHF3 with zero air by a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge immersed in the electrically insulating oil bath was investigated. Several factors were effect on the reaction has been studied such as applied voltage, frequency and initial reactant concentration. The conversion of CHF3 was improved by increasing applied voltage and frequency decreasing initial concentration of CHF3 in the feed gases. One of reason was the factors effect on the discharge power in the plasma reaction. The results demonstrated that the reactor was potential for CHF3 decomposing with initial reactant concentration was from 5% to 15% in the feed gases. More 95% of CHF3 in the feed could be destructed to CO, CO2 and so on, herein, total selectivity of CO and CO2 was more than 85% in the products.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the home(a) Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MEST) (2010-0007450).References1 D. HoughtonJT, N. Grigg sDJ, D. Van der LindenPJ, J. MaskellK, Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001).2 A. McCulloch, Background_240305. pdf Accessed 15 April 2010 (2005).3 W. Han, E.M. Kennedy, S.K. Kundu, J.C. Mackie, A.A. Adesina, B.Z. Dlugogorski, J. Fluorine Chem. 131 (2010) 751.4 P. Zhang, L. Cao, R. Pan, Z. Jiang, K. Qin, Q. Li, Procedia plan 62 (2013) 337.5 N. Nagasaki, Y. Morikuni, K. Kawada, S. Arai, Catal. Today 88 (2004) 121.6 G. Luo, Y. Luo, J. Qu, New J. Chem. 37 (2013) 3274.7 H. Sekiguchi, T. Honda, A. Kanzawa, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 13 (1993) 463.8 A.B. Murphy, T. McAllister, Phys. Plasmas 8 (2001) 2565.9 M.B. Chang, H.M. Lee, Catal. Today 89 (2004) 109.10 D.H. Kim, Y.S. Mok, S.B. Lee, S.M. Shi, J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 13 (2010) 36.11 W. Han, Y. Li, H. Tang, H. Liu, J. Fluorine Chem. 140 (2012) 7.12 check Projects Methodologies AM0001, Unfccc (2014) Accesed on 01/16https//cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/Validatio n/index.html13 H. Onoda, T. Ohta, J. Tamaki, K. Kojima, Applied Catalysis A General 288 (2005) 98.14 W.B. Feaver, J.A. Rossin, Catal. Today 54 (1999) 13.15 J.Y. Jeon, X.-F. Xu, M.H. Choi, H.Y. Kim, Y.-K. Park, Chem. Commun. (2003) 1244.16 C.L. Hartz, J.W. Bevan, M.W. Jackson, B.A. Wofford, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 682.17 B.A. Wofford, M.W. Jackson, C. Hartz, J.W. Bevan, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 1892.18 D.H. Kim, Y.S. Mok, S.B. Lee, Thin Solid Films 519 (2011) 6960.19 M.S. Gandhi, Y.S. Mok, J. Environ. Sci. 24 (2012) 1234.20 L.M. Zhou, B. Xue, U. Kogelschatz, B. Eliasson, zero Fuels 12 (1998) 1191.21 D.R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition Internet Version, 1405-1438, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Boca Raton, FL, (2010).List of figureFig.1.Schematic diagram of the experimental setupFig. 2. Typical signal of the voltage, current, and discharge power (total flow rate = 100 ml/min CHF3 in feed= 5% of volume applied voltage= 7 kV frequency=30 kHz).F ig. 3. Effect of applied voltage on (a) conversion of CHF3 and discharge power, (b) component of products and (c) carbon balance and selectivity of products (total flow rate = 100 ml/min CHF3 in feed= 5% of volume frequency=30 kHz).Fig. 4. Effect of initial concentration of CHF3 on (a) conversion of CHF3 and discharge power (b) component of products and (c) carbon balance and selectivity of products (total flow rate = 100 ml/min applied voltage = 7 kV frequency=30 kHz).Fig. 5. Effect of frequency on (a) conversion of CHF3 and discharge power (b) component of products and (c) carbon balance and selectivity of products (total flow rate = 100 ml/min CHF3 in feed= 5% of volume applied voltage = 7 kV).Fig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 3Fig. 4Fig. 51

Essay --

Daoism and Confucian views were important for the development and shaping of human beings. The existence of Confucian and Daoist among the eastern Asian countries has helped to explain their theories. both(prenominal) authors has differences and similarities in their views of self-cultivation and self-knowledge. Self-knowledge is when a person is aw atomic number 18 of their own abilities, limitations, and feelings. Basically just knowing ones self, how one might react to or handle assorted situations, and how one feel about things. Self-cultivation is what a person whats to improve or educate themselves. And, there was art and nature which played a study role in their theories. They were said to have helped shaping of mankind as we know it. Even though Confucian and Daoist views differ in the concept of self-knowledge and tally on their focus on self-culture, they still acknowledge that nature and art are important for their theories. Self-cultivation is necessary t heir teachings both agree that people are responsible for their personal life, individual development, and self improvement. Daoism and Confucianism are similar is that they both focus on self-cultivation. As long as a person is self-cultivated, theyre fit to improve or educate themselves. In Confucius, Leaving virtue without proper cultivation not thoroughly discussing what is learned not being able to decease towards righteousness of which a knowledge is gained and not being able to change what is not good-these are the things which occasion me solicitude (Confucius). In Confucius, a person better himself or herself and is satisfied throughout ones existence on earth. In Daoism, a person achieves self-cultivation through nature. Self-cultivation leads to improvement of t... ...es the will (Mencius). In Mencius, it is said that self-knowledge is the praise of ones nature, and that nature is what is known known and is what results in self-cultivation and self-knowledge . Through the means of art, the ideas of a person knowing ones self is expressed. Confucianism and Daoism seem to be complete polar opposites but there are some similarities between the two. Both Daoist and Confucius shared the idea self-cultivation which leads a person to self-improvement. They differ in their ideas of self-knowledge how one knows ones self. Having self-knowledge helps you to channel that energy and focus your attention on those self-improvements. Knowing ones short-comings, strengths, and weaknesses, can help to make changes in ones life that will lead to happiness. It is invulnerable to say that Daoist and Confucius has similarities and differences.

a place without time :: essays papers

a place without term From the mountains, you can see it coming. Time sits on the horizon like rain clouds, halting out. In the cities you carry it around in your pocket. Time is organized around where you have to be. You dash blindly around busy corners, always racing against it. But in the mountains, the world sits on the horizon, refusing to move. Before I ever went to the city, I used to know what that meant. Now I found myself trying to remember, waking up every morning to look at the mountains and see what they held. If there were clouds there, you knew there might be rain. But I knew there was something to wait for. I could watch time coming. I returned home because I was still longing for the clouds to roll over the skyline and the water to flow from the hills. It was if time was losing her memory, as the city had made me regress mine. My father used to say, when he would look down at his feet, they look the same, but the ground is different. I dont know if he was forgetting things too, or remembering them each(prenominal) so well. My father carried it too, in his pocket, so he wouldnt forget. When people asked approximately it, he would bring it out and laugh. My sister and I needed our father to hold together our memories, to hold together the world before we were born. The world before our time. Where I lived, there were smashed bugs on the windshield, skittish coyotes, and, of course, trout. My dad remembered the river where he taught me about the sands of time, and how to fish. He said that in the days before me there had been fish the size of small children willing to take what ever gift God, or my dad, had to offer. So when I came home, I brought my dad to that stream, looking for a cure. Anyone who lives long enough begins to be infected by a search for time. You look for it everywhere because it is life. After a while, you can feel it in the ground beneath your feet, in the creeks in the back canyons, in the clouds ove r the hills that may never go far back.